AQA GCSE Psychology
View Course TimetableTheme 1: Cognition and Behaviour - Memory
Processes of Memory (4 lessons)
Explore processes of memory in Psychology.
Encoding, Storage and Retrieval
Explore how memories are encoded, stored in different memory systems and later retrieved for use.
Start LessonTypes of Memory - Episodic, Semantic and Procedural
Explore the three memory types: episodic, semantic and procedural and how they function differently.
Start LessonHow Memories are Encoded and Stored
Explore how memories are encoded through sensory channels and stored in different memory systems.
Start LessonReview and Practice - Memory Processes
Review memory models and practice applying key concepts to strengthen understanding and recall.
Unlock Full CourseStructures of Memory (10 lessons)
Explore structures of memory in Psychology.
The Multi-store Model Introduction
Explore how memory works through Atkinson and Shiffrin's influential three-store model of memory processing.
Unlock Full CourseSensory Memory Store
Explore how sensory memory briefly stores and processes incoming information from our senses.
Unlock Full CourseShort-term Memory Store
Explore how short-term memory works, its limits and how we use it daily.
Unlock Full CourseLong-term Memory Store
Explore how long-term memories are encoded, stored and retrieved in different memory types.
Unlock Full CourseCoding in Memory Stores
Explore how information is coded and stored in different memory systems.
Unlock Full CourseCapacity of Memory Stores
Explore the capacity limits of sensory, short-term and long-term memory stores in psychology.
Unlock Full CourseDuration of Memory Stores
Explore how long information stays in sensory, short-term and long-term memory stores.
Unlock Full CoursePrimacy and Recency Effects
Explore how memory prioritizes first and last items in a list and why this matters.
Unlock Full CourseMurdock Serial Position Curve Study
Explore Murdock's classic study on memory position effects and its implications for learning.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Memory Structures
Review memory structure models and test your understanding with practice activities.
Unlock Full CourseMemory as an Active Process (8 lessons)
Explore memory as an active process in Psychology.
Theory of Reconstructive Memory
Explore how memory actively reconstructs events using schemas rather than playing back exact recordings.
Unlock Full CourseEffort After Meaning Concept
Explore how memory actively reconstructs information using schemas and cultural knowledge.
Unlock Full CourseBartlett War of the Ghosts Study
Explore how Bartlett's famous study revealed memory as an active, reconstructive process shaped by culture.
Unlock Full CourseFactors Affecting Memory Accuracy
Explore how schemas, leading questions and post-event information affect memory accuracy and reliability.
Unlock Full CourseInterference in Memory
Explore how memories compete and interfere with each other during the recall process.
Unlock Full CourseContext Effects on Memory
Explore how environmental and internal contexts powerfully influence memory encoding and retrieval.
Unlock Full CourseFalse Memories
Explore how false memories form and impact eyewitness testimony in legal settings.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Reconstructive Memory
Explore how memory is actively reconstructed and factors affecting eyewitness testimony accuracy.
Unlock Full CourseTheme 2: Cognition and Behaviour - Perception
Sensation and Perception (3 lessons)
Explore sensation and perception in Psychology.
Difference Between Sensation and Perception
Explore how our brains detect stimuli and transform raw sensations into meaningful perceptions.
Unlock Full CourseBasic Principles of Perception
Explore how the brain organizes sensory information into meaningful patterns using perceptual principles.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Sensation vs Perception
Review the key differences between sensation and perception with practical examples and applications.
Unlock Full CourseVisual Cues and Constancies (9 lessons)
Explore visual cues and constancies in Psychology.
Monocular Depth Cues Introduction
Explore how our brains use single-eye visual clues to perceive depth in our environment.
Unlock Full CourseHeight in Plane
Explore how objects higher in our visual field appear farther away in perception.
Unlock Full CourseRelative Size
Learn how relative size helps us judge distance and perceive depth in our visual world.
Unlock Full CourseOcclusion
Explore how occlusion helps us perceive depth when objects partially hide others.
Unlock Full CourseLinear Perspective
Explore how linear perspective creates depth perception through converging lines and vanishing points.
Unlock Full CourseBinocular Depth Cues Introduction
Explore how your two eyes work together to create 3D vision through binocular depth cues.
Unlock Full CourseRetinal Disparity
Explore how our brain uses slight differences in eye images to create 3D vision.
Unlock Full CourseConvergence
Explore how eye convergence works as a depth cue and maintains visual constancies.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Depth Cues
Explore how visual depth cues help us perceive a 3D world from 2D images.
Unlock Full CourseGibson Direct Theory of Perception (5 lessons)
Explore gibson direct theory of perception in Psychology.
Nature vs Nurture in Perception
Explore how Gibson's theory explains whether perception is innate or shaped by experience.
Unlock Full CourseDirect Perception Theory
Explore how we perceive the world directly through environmental information and affordances.
Unlock Full CourseMotion Parallax
Explore how motion parallax helps us perceive depth through relative movement of objects.
Unlock Full CourseReal World Information for Perception
Explore how we directly perceive information from our environment using Gibson's ecological approach.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Gibson Theory
Explore Gibson's Direct Theory of Perception and evaluate its strengths and limitations with evidence.
Unlock Full CourseVisual Illusions (12 lessons)
Explore visual illusions in Psychology.
What are Visual Illusions?
Explore how visual illusions trick our brain and what they reveal about visual perception.
Unlock Full CourseAmbiguity in Visual Illusions
Explore how our brain interprets ambiguous images and switches between multiple visual perceptions.
Unlock Full CourseMisinterpreted Depth Cues
Explore how our brain misinterprets visual depth cues, creating fascinating optical illusions.
Unlock Full CourseFiction in Visual Illusions
Explore how our brain creates fictional perceptions through various types of visual illusions.
Unlock Full CourseSize Constancy
Explore how our brain maintains consistent object size perception despite varying distances.
Unlock Full CourseThe Ponzo Illusion
Explore how the Ponzo illusion reveals depth perception mechanisms and size constancy principles.
Unlock Full CourseThe Muller-Lyer Illusion
Explore how the Müller-Lyer illusion tricks our brain and what it reveals about visual perception.
Unlock Full CourseRubin Vase
Explore how the Rubin Vase illusion reveals principles of figure-ground perception in psychology.
Unlock Full CourseThe Ames Room
Explore how the Ames Room illusion tricks our perception of size and depth through clever design.
Unlock Full CourseThe Kanizsa Triangle
Explore how the Kanizsa Triangle reveals the brain's ability to perceive illusory contours.
Unlock Full CourseThe Necker Cube
Explore the Necker Cube illusion and how our brain processes ambiguous visual information.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Visual Illusions
Review visual illusions, understand their causes and apply theories to explain perceptual errors.
Unlock Full CourseGregory Constructivist Theory (4 lessons)
Explore gregory constructivist theory in Psychology.
Constructivist Theory Introduction
Explore how Gregory's theory explains perception as an active construction process using prior knowledge.
Unlock Full CourseRole of Inferences in Perception
Explore how our brains use inferences to actively construct meaning from sensory information.
Unlock Full CoursePast Experience and Perception
Explore how past experiences shape our perception according to Gregory's Constructivist Theory.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Gregory Theory
Explore Gregory's constructivist theory of perception and apply it to real-world scenarios.
Unlock Full CourseFactors Affecting Perception (8 lessons)
Explore factors affecting perception in Psychology.
Perceptual Set Introduction
Explore how expectations and context shape what we perceive in our everyday visual world.
Unlock Full CourseCulture and Perception
Explore how cultural background shapes our visual perception and interpretation of the world.
Unlock Full CourseMotivation and Perception
Explore how our needs and desires shape what we perceive in our environment.
Unlock Full CourseEmotion and Perception
Explore how emotions influence what we perceive and how we interpret sensory information.
Unlock Full CourseExpectation and Perception
Explore how our expectations shape what we perceive and interpret in our environment.
Unlock Full CourseGilchrist and Nesberg Study
Explore how hunger affects perception of food images in the Gilchrist and Nesberg study.
Unlock Full CourseBruner and Minturn Study
Explore how context and expectations influence our perception of ambiguous stimuli.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Perceptual Factors
Explore how motivation, expectation, emotion and culture influence our perception of the world.
Unlock Full CourseTheme 3: Cognition and Behaviour - Development
Early Brain Development (10 lessons)
Explore early brain development in Psychology.
Basic Brain Development
Explore how the brain develops from conception through childhood and its critical periods.
Unlock Full CourseNeural Structures in the Womb
Explore how the brain forms and develops its key structures during pregnancy.
Unlock Full CourseBrain Stem Development
Explore how the brain stem develops and controls vital survival functions from early pregnancy.
Unlock Full CourseThalamus and Cerebellum
Explore the structure and functions of the thalamus and cerebellum in early brain development.
Unlock Full CourseCortex Development
Explore how the cerebral cortex develops from embryo to adolescence and its critical periods.
Unlock Full CourseAutonomic Functions Development
Explore how the brain develops vital automatic functions essential for survival from birth.
Unlock Full CourseSensory Processing Development
Explore how the brain develops sensory processing abilities from prenatal stages through childhood.
Unlock Full CourseMovement and Cognition Development
Explore how brain development influences movement skills and cognitive abilities in early childhood.
Unlock Full CourseNature vs Nurture in Development
Explore how genes and environment interact to shape early brain development and behaviour.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Brain Development
Review key processes of brain development and practice applying concepts to real-world scenarios.
Unlock Full CoursePiaget Stage Theory (11 lessons)
Explore piaget stage theory in Psychology.
Piaget Theory Introduction
Explore how Piaget's theory explains cognitive development through distinct stages and key concepts.
Unlock Full CourseAssimilation and Accommodation
Explore how children adapt to new information through mental processes of assimilation and accommodation.
Unlock Full CourseSensorimotor Stage
Explore Piaget's sensorimotor stage theory and how infants develop cognitive abilities from birth to age two.
Unlock Full CoursePre-operational Stage
Explore how children aged 2-7 think symbolically but struggle with logical reasoning
Unlock Full CourseConcrete Operational Stage
Explore how children develop logical thinking about concrete situations between ages 7-11.
Unlock Full CourseFormal Operational Stage
Explore how adolescents develop abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking abilities.
Unlock Full CourseEgocentricity Reduction
Explore how children develop the ability to understand others' perspectives beyond their own.
Unlock Full CourseConservation Development
Explore how children develop understanding that quantity remains unchanged despite appearance changes.
Unlock Full CourseMcGarrigle and Donaldson Study
Explore how the "naughty teddy" study challenged Piaget's conservation task findings.
Unlock Full CourseHughes Policeman Doll Study
Explore Hughes' Policeman Doll Study and how it challenged Piaget's theory of egocentrism.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Piaget Stages
Review Piaget's four cognitive development stages and practice applying this theory to real-world scenarios.
Unlock Full CoursePiaget Theory in Education (4 lessons)
Explore piaget theory in education in Psychology.
Educational Applications
Discover how Piaget's cognitive development theory shapes modern educational approaches and classroom practices.
Unlock Full CourseStage-appropriate Learning
Explore how Piaget's developmental stages guide effective age-appropriate teaching methods.
Unlock Full CourseActive Learning Principles
Explore how Piaget's theory shapes active learning principles in modern education.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Educational Applications
Explore how Piaget's cognitive development theory shapes modern educational practices and classroom learning.
Unlock Full CourseEffects of Learning on Development (10 lessons)
Explore effects of learning on development in Psychology.
Dweck Mindset Theory
Explore how beliefs about intelligence affect learning, motivation and achievement through Dweck's theory.
Unlock Full CourseFixed Mindset
Explore how fixed mindset beliefs limit learning potential and shape developmental outcomes.
Unlock Full CourseGrowth Mindset
Explore how growth mindset beliefs shape learning, achievement and psychological development.
Unlock Full CourseRole of Praise in Learning
Explore how different types of praise impact motivation, mindset and learning outcomes
Unlock Full CourseSelf-efficacy Beliefs
Explore how beliefs about our abilities shape our behaviour, choices and development.
Unlock Full CourseLearning Styles Introduction
Explore different learning style theories and how they affect educational development.
Unlock Full CourseVerbalisers and Visualisers
Explore how verbalisers and visualisers process information differently and apply learning strategies.
Unlock Full CourseWillingham Learning Theory
Explore how Willingham's cognitive theory explains effective learning through memory and practice.
Unlock Full CourseCriticism of Learning Styles
Examine why learning styles theories lack scientific support despite their educational popularity.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Learning and Development
Review key learning theories and practice applying them to developmental psychology scenarios.
Unlock Full CourseTheme 4: Cognition and Behaviour - Research Methods
Formulation of Hypotheses (4 lessons)
Explore formulation of hypotheses in Psychology.
Null Hypothesis
Learn how to formulate null hypotheses in psychology research and understand their importance in statistical testing.
Unlock Full CourseAlternative Hypothesis
Learn to formulate and test alternative hypotheses in psychological research
Unlock Full CourseWriting Testable Hypotheses
Learn to write clear, testable hypotheses for psychological research with proper variables and predictions.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Hypotheses
Learn to formulate and evaluate different types of hypotheses for psychological research.
Unlock Full CourseTypes of Variables (4 lessons)
Explore types of variables in Psychology.
Independent Variables
Learn how to identify, manipulate and evaluate independent variables in psychological research experiments.
Unlock Full CourseDependent Variables
Learn how to identify, measure and analyse dependent variables in psychological research.
Unlock Full CourseExtraneous Variables
Learn to identify and control extraneous variables in psychological research studies.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Variables
Learn to identify and control different variables in psychological research designs.
Unlock Full CourseSampling Methods (8 lessons)
Explore sampling methods in Psychology.
Target Populations and Samples
Learn how psychologists select research participants using different sampling methods.
Unlock Full CourseRandom Sampling
Learn how random sampling works and why it's crucial for valid psychological research.
Unlock Full CourseOpportunity Sampling
Learn how opportunity sampling works, its strengths, weaknesses and applications in psychology research.
Unlock Full CourseSystematic Sampling
Learn how to select research participants using fixed intervals with systematic sampling techniques.
Unlock Full CourseStratified Sampling
Learn how to select representative samples using stratified sampling techniques in psychology research.
Unlock Full CourseStrengths and Weaknesses of Sampling
Learn to evaluate different sampling methods and their impact on psychological research validity.
Unlock Full CoursePrinciples of Scientific Sampling
Learn how psychologists select representative samples for valid and reliable research findings.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Sampling
Master sampling techniques to select representative participants for psychological research studies.
Unlock Full CourseDesigning Research (16 lessons)
Explore designing research in Psychology.
Quantitative vs Qualitative Methods
Explore quantitative and qualitative research methods and when to apply each approach effectively.
Unlock Full CourseExperimental Method Introduction
Learn how to design and evaluate psychological experiments to test cause-effect relationships.
Unlock Full CourseIndependent Groups Design
Learn how to design and evaluate independent groups research in psychology studies.
Unlock Full CourseRepeated Measures Design
Learn how repeated measures designs work and when to use them in psychological research.
Unlock Full CourseMatched Pairs Design
Learn how matched pairs design controls variables and strengthens psychological experiments.
Unlock Full CourseLaboratory Experiments
Learn how to design and evaluate laboratory experiments in psychological research.
Unlock Full CourseField Experiments
Learn how field experiments study behaviour in natural settings with experimental control.
Unlock Full CourseNatural Experiments
Explore how psychologists use natural events as research opportunities without manipulation of variables.
Unlock Full CourseInterviews
Learn how to design and conduct effective interviews for psychological research
Unlock Full CourseQuestionnaires
Learn how to design and use questionnaires effectively in psychological research.
Unlock Full CourseCase Studies
Learn how case studies are designed and used as a research method in psychology.
Unlock Full CourseObservation Studies
Learn how to design and conduct effective observation studies in psychological research.
Unlock Full CourseCategories of Behaviour
Learn to classify, measure and record observable behaviours in psychological research.
Unlock Full CourseInterobserver Reliability
Learn how to assess and improve agreement between observers in psychological research.
Unlock Full CourseStrengths and Weaknesses of Methods
Evaluate research methods in psychology, examining their strengths and limitations for data collection.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Research Design
Learn to evaluate and select appropriate research designs for psychological investigations.
Unlock Full CourseCorrelation (5 lessons)
Explore correlation in Psychology.
Understanding Association
Learn how to identify, measure and interpret relationships between variables in psychological research.
Unlock Full CourseScatter Diagrams
Learn to create and interpret scatter diagrams to identify relationships between variables in psychology.
Unlock Full CourseCorrelational Relationships
Explore how variables relate to each other and why correlation doesn't equal causation.
Unlock Full CourseStrengths and Weaknesses of Correlations
Explore the key strengths and limitations of correlational research in psychological studies.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Correlation
Master correlation concepts, interpretation and limitations in psychological research.
Unlock Full CourseResearch Procedures (7 lessons)
Explore research procedures in Psychology.
Standardised Procedures
Learn how to create and apply standardised procedures in psychological research studies.
Unlock Full CourseInstructions to Participants
Learn how to create and evaluate effective instructions for participants in psychological research.
Unlock Full CourseRandomisation
Learn how randomisation techniques create fair and valid psychological research designs.
Unlock Full CourseAllocation to Conditions
Learn how researchers fairly assign participants to different experimental conditions in psychology studies.
Unlock Full CourseCounterbalancing
Learn how counterbalancing in psychology research prevents order effects and improves experimental validity.
Unlock Full CourseControlling Extraneous Variables
Learn techniques to control unwanted variables in psychological experiments for valid results.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Procedures
Master key research procedures in psychology and learn to evaluate studies effectively.
Unlock Full CoursePlanning and Conducting Research (4 lessons)
Explore planning and conducting research in Psychology.
Planning Research Considerations
Learn how to plan psychological research with proper methods, ethics and design considerations.
Unlock Full CourseReliability in Research
Learn how to ensure research measurements are consistent, stable and trustworthy in psychology.
Unlock Full CourseValidity in Research
Explore how researchers ensure their studies truly measure what they claim to measure.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Planning Research
Learn how to plan effective psychological research with valid methods and ethical considerations.
Unlock Full CourseEthical Considerations (4 lessons)
Explore ethical considerations in Psychology.
BPS Guidelines Introduction
Learn how BPS ethical guidelines protect participants and ensure responsible psychological research.
Unlock Full CourseEthical Issues in Research
Explore ethical guidelines in psychology research and how to protect participant welfare.
Unlock Full CourseDealing with Ethical Issues
Learn how psychologists address ethical issues in research to protect participant welfare.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Ethics
Review ethical principles in psychology research and practice applying them to real scenarios.
Unlock Full CourseData Handling (12 lessons)
Explore data handling in Psychology.
Quantitative vs Qualitative Data
Learn to distinguish between quantitative and qualitative data collection methods in psychological research.
Unlock Full CoursePrimary vs Secondary Data
Learn to distinguish between primary and secondary data sources in psychological research.
Unlock Full CourseComputation and Standard Form
Master data computation, standard form and statistical analysis for psychological research
Unlock Full CourseRatios, Fractions and Percentages
Learn to use ratios, fractions and percentages to analyse and interpret psychological data.
Unlock Full CourseDescriptive Statistics
Learn how to calculate, interpret and present data using descriptive statistical methods in psychology.
Unlock Full CourseMean, Median and Mode
Learn to calculate and apply mean, median and mode in psychological research data analysis.
Unlock Full CourseRange as Measure of Dispersion
Learn how to calculate and interpret range as a measure of data spread in psychology research.
Unlock Full CourseFrequency Tables and Diagrams
Learn to create and interpret frequency tables and diagrams for psychological data analysis.
Unlock Full CourseBar Charts and Histograms
Learn to create and interpret bar charts and histograms for effective psychological data analysis.
Unlock Full CourseScatter Diagrams for Correlation
Learn to create and interpret scatter diagrams to identify relationships between psychological variables.
Unlock Full CourseNormal Distributions
Learn how normal distributions help psychologists interpret data patterns and make predictions about behaviour.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Data Handling
Master essential data handling skills for analysing and presenting psychological research findings effectively.
Unlock Full CourseTheme 5: Social Context and Behaviour - Social Influence
Conformity (10 lessons)
Explore conformity in Psychology.
What is Conformity?
Understand how and why people change their behaviour to match others in social situations.
Unlock Full CourseSocial Factors in Conformity
Explore how group size, unanimity and social status influence our conformity behaviours.
Unlock Full CourseGroup Size Effects
Explore how the number of people in a group affects conformity levels and social influence.
Unlock Full CourseAnonymity Effects
Explore how anonymity influences conformity behaviour and social identity in groups.
Unlock Full CourseTask Difficulty Effects
Learn how task difficulty increases conformity through uncertainty and informational social influence.
Unlock Full CourseDispositional Factors in Conformity
Explore how personality traits and individual differences affect conformity behaviour in social situations.
Unlock Full CoursePersonality and Conformity
Explore how personality traits influence conformity levels and social influence susceptibility.
Unlock Full CourseExpertise and Conformity
Explore how expert status influences conformity and social behaviour in different contexts.
Unlock Full CourseAsch Study of Conformity
Explore Asch's famous line experiment and why people conform to incorrect group judgments.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Conformity
Review key theories and practice applying knowledge about conformity in social psychology.
Unlock Full CourseObedience (9 lessons)
Explore obedience in Psychology.
What is Obedience?
Explore the psychology of obedience, why people follow authority and Milgram's famous experiments.
Unlock Full CourseMilgram Agency Theory
Explore Milgram's Agency Theory explaining why people obey authority figures in extreme situations.
Unlock Full CourseAgency in Obedience
Explore how people shift responsibility to authority figures when following harmful orders.
Unlock Full CourseAuthority and Obedience
Explore why people obey authority figures and the psychological factors influencing obedient behaviour.
Unlock Full CourseCulture and Obedience
Explore how cultural factors influence obedience levels across different societies worldwide.
Unlock Full CourseProximity and Obedience
Explore how physical distance affects obedience levels in social psychology experiments and real life.
Unlock Full CourseDispositional Factors in Obedience
Explore how personality traits and individual differences influence obedience to authority figures.
Unlock Full CourseAdorno Authoritarian Personality
Explore how Adorno's theory explains why some people blindly obey authority figures.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Obedience
Review key obedience studies and practice applying concepts to exam-style questions.
Unlock Full CourseProsocial Behaviour (9 lessons)
Explore prosocial behaviour in Psychology.
Bystander Behaviour Introduction
Explore why people do or don't help in emergencies and the psychology of bystander behaviour.
Unlock Full CourseSocial Factors in Helping
Explore how social factors influence whether people help others in emergency situations.
Unlock Full CoursePresence of Others
Explore how others' presence affects our performance and helping behaviour in emergencies.
Unlock Full CourseCost of Helping
Explore how time, risk and effort costs influence our decisions to help others.
Unlock Full CourseDispositional Factors in Helping
Explore how personality traits, gender and empathy influence our willingness to help others.
Unlock Full CourseSimilarity to Victim
Explore how perceived similarity to victims influences our willingness to help others in need.
Unlock Full CourseExpertise and Helping
Explore how specialized knowledge affects helping behaviour in emergency situations.
Unlock Full CoursePiliavin Subway Study
Explore Piliavin's subway field experiment investigating factors affecting emergency helping behaviour.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Prosocial Behaviour
Review prosocial behaviour theories and practice applying concepts to real-world scenarios.
Unlock Full CourseCrowd and Collective Behaviour (8 lessons)
Explore crowd and collective behaviour in Psychology.
Prosocial Behaviour in Crowds
Explore how crowds display helping behaviours and the psychological factors behind collective prosocial actions.
Unlock Full CourseAntisocial Behaviour in Crowds
Explore why crowds sometimes behave antisocially and the psychology behind collective violence.
Unlock Full CourseSocial Loafing
Explore why people work less hard in groups and how to prevent this social phenomenon.
Unlock Full CourseDeindividuation
Explore how people lose individual identity in groups and how this affects behaviour.
Unlock Full CourseCulture and Collective Behaviour
Explore how cultural values and norms shape collective behaviour and crowd psychology.
Unlock Full CoursePersonality and Collective Behaviour
Explore how individual personality traits influence behaviour in crowds and collective situations.
Unlock Full CourseMorality and Collective Behaviour
Explore how group settings transform moral judgments and influence collective ethical behaviour.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Collective Behaviour
Review collective behaviour theories and apply them to real-world crowd situations.
Unlock Full CourseTheme 6: Social Context and Behaviour - Language, Thought and Communication
Language and Thought Relationship (7 lessons)
Explore language and thought relationship in Psychology.
Piaget Theory - Language Depends on Thought
Explore how Piaget's theory explains cognitive development as a prerequisite for language acquisition.
Unlock Full CourseSapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Explore how language may shape our thoughts and perceptions according to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.
Unlock Full CourseThinking Depends on Language
Explore how language shapes our thoughts, perceptions and understanding of the world around us.
Unlock Full CourseCultural Variations in Recall
Explore how language and culture shape memory processes and recall patterns across different societies.
Unlock Full CourseRecognition of Colours
Explore how language shapes our ability to perceive and categorise different colours across cultures.
Unlock Full CourseNative American Culture Examples
Explore how Native American languages shape thought patterns and cultural worldviews.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Language and Thought
Explore how language shapes thought and review key theories and evidence in psycholinguistics.
Unlock Full CourseHuman vs Animal Communication (10 lessons)
Explore human vs animal communication in Psychology.
Functions of Animal Communication
Explore how and why animals communicate for survival, reproduction and social organisation.
Unlock Full CourseSurvival Communication
Explore how humans and animals communicate vital information for survival and safety.
Unlock Full CourseReproduction Communication
Explore how humans and animals communicate for mating and reproduction purposes.
Unlock Full CourseTerritory Communication
Explore how humans and animals communicate to establish and defend territorial boundaries.
Unlock Full CourseFood Communication
Explore how humans and animals communicate about food sources, methods and evolutionary advantages.
Unlock Full CourseVon Frisch Bee Study
Explore how bees communicate through the waggle dance in von Frisch's groundbreaking study.
Unlock Full CourseHuman Communication Properties
Explore the unique properties that make human language different from animal communication systems.
Unlock Full CoursePlanning Future Events
Explore how humans and animals communicate about and plan for future events and needs.
Unlock Full CourseDiscussing Abstract Concepts
Explore how humans uniquely communicate abstract ideas compared to limitations in animal communication.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Communication Differences
Compare human and animal communication systems and understand their key differences.
Unlock Full CourseNon-verbal Communication (14 lessons)
Explore non-verbal communication in Psychology.
Definitions of Non-verbal Communication
Explore how we communicate without words through body language, gestures and expressions.
Unlock Full CourseFunctions of Eye Contact
Explore how eye contact regulates interactions, expresses emotions and signals social relationships.
Unlock Full CourseRegulating Conversation Flow
Learn how non-verbal signals coordinate turn-taking and manage conversation rhythm and flow.
Unlock Full CourseSignalling Attraction
Discover how humans use non-verbal cues to signal romantic and social attraction.
Unlock Full CourseExpressing Emotion
Explore how emotions are expressed non-verbally through universal facial expressions and body language.
Unlock Full CourseBody Language
Explore how body language conveys emotions and affects social interactions across cultures.
Unlock Full CourseOpen and Closed Posture
Explore how body posture communicates feelings and attitudes in non-verbal interactions.
Unlock Full CoursePostural Echo
Explore how unconscious posture mirroring reveals social connections and rapport between people.
Unlock Full CourseTouch Communication
Explore how physical contact conveys messages and affects our psychological wellbeing.
Unlock Full CoursePersonal Space
Explore how we establish and maintain personal boundaries through spatial communication.
Unlock Full CourseCultural Differences in Space
Explore how different cultures perceive and use personal space in communication.
Unlock Full CourseStatus and Personal Space
Explore how status and personal space influence non-verbal communication in social interactions.
Unlock Full CourseGender Differences in Space
Explore how males and females differ in personal space usage and territorial behaviours.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Non-verbal Communication
Review key aspects of non-verbal communication and practice applying your knowledge.
Unlock Full CourseExplanations of Non-verbal Behaviour (8 lessons)
Explore explanations of non-verbal behaviour in Psychology.
Darwin Evolutionary Theory
Explore how Darwin's evolutionary theory explains the origins and functions of non-verbal behaviours in humans.
Unlock Full CourseNon-verbal Behaviour as Adaptive
Explore how non-verbal behaviours evolved as adaptive mechanisms for human survival and communication.
Unlock Full CourseEvidence for Innate Behaviour
Explore evidence supporting the theory that some non-verbal behaviours are innate rather than learned.
Unlock Full CourseBehaviour in Neonates
Explore innate behaviours in newborns including reflexes, facial preferences and attachment mechanisms.
Unlock Full CourseBehaviour in Sensory Deprived
Explore how humans react psychologically when deprived of normal sensory inputs and stimulation.
Unlock Full CourseEvidence for Learned Behaviour
Explore how non-verbal behaviours develop through observation, imitation and cultural learning.
Unlock Full CourseYuki Study of Emoticons
Explore how different cultures interpret facial expressions through Yuki's emoticon research.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Non-verbal Explanations
Review and evaluate evolutionary and cultural explanations of non-verbal communication behaviours.
Unlock Full CourseTheme 7: Social Context and Behaviour - Brain and Neuropsychology
Nervous System Structure and Function (5 lessons)
Explore nervous system structure and function in Psychology.
Central and Peripheral Nervous System
Explore the structure and function of the central and peripheral nervous systems in humans.
Unlock Full CourseSomatic and Autonomic Systems
Explore how the somatic and autonomic nervous systems control voluntary and involuntary bodily functions.
Unlock Full CourseFight or Flight Response
Explore how the nervous system triggers physical and psychological changes during danger responses.
Unlock Full CourseJames-Lange Theory of Emotion
Explore how the James-Lange Theory explains emotions as responses to bodily changes.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Nervous System
Review and practice key concepts about the structure and function of the nervous system.
Unlock Full CourseNeuron Structure and Function (10 lessons)
Explore neuron structure and function in Psychology.
Sensory Neurons
Explore the structure and function of sensory neurons in transmitting environmental information to the CNS.
Unlock Full CourseRelay Neurons
Learn how relay neurons transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons in the nervous system.
Unlock Full CourseMotor Neurons
Explore how motor neurons transmit signals from the brain to muscles for movement
Unlock Full CourseSynaptic Transmission
Explore how neurons communicate through chemical messengers across the synaptic gap
Unlock Full CourseNeurotransmitter Release
Explore how neurons communicate through chemical messengers at the synaptic junction.
Unlock Full CourseNeurotransmitter Reuptake
Explore how neurons recycle chemical messengers and regulate brain communication through reuptake
Unlock Full CourseExcitation and Inhibition
Explore how neurons communicate through excitatory and inhibitory signals in the nervous system.
Unlock Full CourseHebb Theory of Learning
Explore how neurons form stronger connections when activated together, creating the basis for learning and memory.
Unlock Full CourseNeuronal Growth
Explore how neurons develop, form connections and adapt through neuroplasticity throughout life.
Unlock Full CourseReview and Practice - Neurons
Explore neuron structure, function and communication in the nervous system.
Unlock Full CourseBrain Structure and Function (8 lessons)
Explore brain structure and function in Psychology.
Frontal Lobe
Explore the frontal lobe's structure, functions and impact on behaviour and personality.
Unlock Full CourseTemporal Lobe
Explore the temporal lobe's structure and its role in hearing, memory and emotions.
Unlock Full CourseParietal Lobe
Explore the parietal lobe's structure, sensory processing functions and role in spatial awareness.
Unlock Full CourseOccipital Lobe
Explore the occipital lobe's structure, function and role in visual processing and perception.
Unlock Full CourseCerebellum
Explore the cerebellum's structure and its crucial role in coordinating movement and balance.
Unlock Full CourseLocalisation of Function
Explore how different brain regions control specific mental functions and behaviours.
Unlock Full CourseMotor and Sensory Areas
Explore how the brain's motor and sensory areas control movement and process sensations.
Unlock Full CoursePenfield Study of Interpretive Cortex
Explore Penfield's groundbreaking study mapping brain functions through conscious patient surgery.
Unlock Full CourseTheme 8: Memory and Forgetting
Key Concepts of Memory (7 lessons)
Explore key concepts of memory in Psychology.
Introduction to Memory and Information Processing
Explore how memory works through encoding, storage and retrieval in information processing
Unlock Full CourseEncoding, Storage and Retrieval
Learn how memory works through encoding, storage and retrieval processes in everyday life.
Unlock Full CourseFeatures of Memory Stores
Learn the capacity, duration and encoding features of sensory, short-term and long-term memory stores
Unlock Full CourseInput, Capacity, Duration and Access
Learn how memory input, capacity, duration and access work together in information processing
Unlock Full CourseTypes of Memory: Declarative and Procedural
Learn how declarative and procedural memory systems store different types of information and skills
Unlock Full CourseUnderstanding Forgetting and Amnesia
Explore theories of forgetting, types of amnesia and famous case studies like HM and Clive Wearing
Unlock Full CourseRetrograde and Anterograde Amnesia
Learn about retrograde and anterograde amnesia through case studies and brain function
Unlock Full CourseCraik and Lockharts Levels of Processing Model (9 lessons)
Explore craik and lockharts levels of processing model in Psychology.
Introduction to Levels of Processing Theory
Learn how depth of information processing affects memory formation and retention strategies
Unlock Full CourseStructural Processing (Visual Features)
Learn how visual features and structural processing affect memory in Craik and Lockhart's model
Unlock Full CoursePhonemic Processing (Auditory Features)
Learn how sound patterns and auditory features help encode information into memory effectively
Unlock Full CourseSemantic Processing (Meaning)
Understanding how focusing on meaning creates stronger, longer-lasting memories than surface learning
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Explore compelling evidence and research supporting Craik and Lockhart's revolutionary memory processing theory
Unlock Full CourseCraik and Tulving Study Analysis
Analyse Craik and Tulving's famous study on levels of processing and memory performance
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Explore major criticisms and limitations of Craik and Lockhart's influential memory processing theory
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Learn how processing depth and context affect memory encoding and retrieval effectiveness
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Learn how to apply Craik and Lockhart's processing levels to improve memory in education, work and daily life.
Unlock Full CourseAtkinson and Shiffrins Multistore Model (13 lessons)
Explore atkinson and shiffrins multistore model in Psychology.
Introduction to Multistore Model
Learn how Atkinson and Shiffrin's model explains memory through three distinct stores
Unlock Full CourseSensory Register and Attention
Learn how sensory register captures environmental information and attention filters what we process
Unlock Full CourseShort-term Memory Features
Explore capacity, duration and encoding features of short-term memory in Atkinson-Shiffrin model
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Explore the unlimited capacity, duration and semantic encoding features of long-term memory storage
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Learn how memory works through Atkinson and Shiffrin's model and Serial Position Effect
Unlock Full CoursePrimacy and Recency Effects
Learn how Atkinson and Shiffrin's model explains primacy and recency memory effects
Unlock Full CourseForgetting in the Multistore Model
Learn how and why forgetting occurs in each store of the multistore model
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Learn how displacement and decay cause forgetting in Atkinson and Shiffrin's memory model
Unlock Full CourseAccess Problems in LTM
Explore retrieval failure, interference theory and access problems in long-term memory storage
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Explore Murdock's Serial Position Study and how it supports the Multi-Store Model of memory.
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Explore research evidence and studies that support Atkinson and Shiffrin's three-store memory model
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Explore major criticisms and evidence challenging Atkinson and Shiffrin's Multistore Model of memory
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Learn how Atkinson and Shiffrin's Multistore Model applies to education, therapy and daily life
Unlock Full CourseMotivated Forgetting (6 lessons)
Explore motivated forgetting in Psychology.
Psychodynamic Theory of Forgetting
Explore Freud's psychodynamic theory explaining how unconscious defence mechanisms influence motivated forgetting patterns.
Unlock Full CourseStructure of Personality: Id, Ego, Super-ego
Learn Freud's three-part personality structure and how Id, Ego, Super-ego create motivated forgetting.
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Explore how conscious, pre-conscious and unconscious minds handle motivated forgetting through suppression and repression.
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Learn how defence mechanisms protect us from painful memories and threatening thoughts
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Learn how repression and suppression work as unconscious and conscious motivated forgetting mechanisms
Unlock Full CourseApplication of Psychodynamic Theory
Explore how Freud's psychodynamic theory explains why we unconsciously forget painful memories.
Unlock Full CourseRole of the Brain in Memory (9 lessons)
Explore role of the brain in memory in Psychology.
Localisation of Function in the Brain
Discover how specific brain regions control different aspects of memory formation and storage.
Unlock Full CourseThe Limbic System
Explore how the limbic system structures create, process and store emotional and factual memories.
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Understanding how the amygdala processes emotions to create and strengthen lasting memories
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Understanding how the hippocampus creates, stores and retrieves memories in the brain
Unlock Full CourseThe Cerebellum and Procedural Memory
Explore how the cerebellum controls procedural memory and automatic motor skills
Unlock Full CourseHM Amnesia Case Study (Milner et al.)
Learn how HM's famous amnesia case revolutionised our understanding of memory systems
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Explore evidence supporting how specific brain areas specialise in different memory functions and processes
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Explore evidence challenging brain localisation theory and supporting distributed memory processing
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Discover how brain research improves education, treats memory disorders and enhances daily life.
Unlock Full CourseTheme 9: Sleep and Dreams
Key Concepts of Sleep (18 lessons)
Explore key concepts of sleep in Psychology.
Biological Rhythms Introduction
Learn how biological rhythms control sleep patterns and daily body functions naturally.
Unlock Full CourseCircadian Rhythms and Sleep-Wake Cycle
Learn how circadian rhythms control your sleep-wake cycle and daily alertness patterns.
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Understanding ultradian rhythms and how sleep cycles repeat every 90-120 minutes nightly
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Explore REM and nREM sleep stages, their functions and sleep cycle patterns throughout the night.
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Learn the four sleep stages, their characteristics and how they cycle throughout the night.
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Explore the science behind dreams, sleep stages and major theories explaining dream function.
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Learn how EEG, EMG and EOG technologies measure brain waves, muscle activity and eye movements during sleep.
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Learn scientific methods psychologists use to study and analyse dream content and experiences
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Learn how external environmental cues like light and temperature regulate sleep patterns
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Understanding how light exposure and social cues regulate our natural sleep-wake cycles
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Learn how internal biological clocks control sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms naturally.
Unlock Full CourseSCN, Pineal Gland and Melatonin
Learn how SCN, pineal gland and melatonin work together to control sleep-wake cycles
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Learn how biological rhythms control sleep patterns and cause jetlag disruption
Unlock Full CourseShiftwork and Sleep Disruption
Explore how shiftwork disrupts natural sleep patterns and affects worker health and performance.
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Explore insomnia causes, effects and treatments including CBT-I and sleep hygiene strategies.
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Understanding sleep paralysis causes, symptoms, hallucinations, triggers and effective treatment strategies
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Explore sleepwalking causes, characteristics, safety measures and impact on daily life.
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Explore how sleep research improves education, workplace safety, medical treatment and daily life.
Unlock Full CourseRestoration Theory of Sleep (9 lessons)
Explore restoration theory of sleep in Psychology.
Introduction to Restoration Theory
Learn how sleep restores and repairs the body and mind through biological processes
Unlock Full CoursenREM Sleep and Physical Restoration
Learn how nREM sleep stages enable physical restoration through growth hormone release and tissue repair.
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Explore how REM sleep restores psychological functions through memory consolidation and emotional processing
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Explore how the amygdala influences sleep patterns and supports restoration theory principles
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Explore how restoration theory explains sleep's restorative functions across different life stages
Unlock Full CourseRobinson et al. Sleep Restriction Study
Explore Robinson et al.'s sleep restriction study and evidence for restoration theory
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Explore scientific evidence supporting how sleep restores and repairs our bodies and minds
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Explore evidence and arguments that challenge the Restoration Theory of Sleep
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Explore how restoration theory explains sleep's role in physical repair, immune function and brain maintenance.
Unlock Full CourseHobson & McCarley's Activation-Synthesis Theory (10 lessons)
Explore hobson & mccarley's activation-synthesis theory in Psychology.
Brain Regions in Dreaming
Explore brain regions involved in dreaming through Hobson McCarley's Activation-Synthesis Theory
Unlock Full CourseRole of Thalamus in Dreams
Learn how the thalamus processes random brain signals to create dreams during sleep
Unlock Full CourseRole of Amygdala in Dreams
Explore how the amygdala creates emotional content in dreams through activation-synthesis theory
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Learn how Hobson and McCarley explain dreams through random brain activation and synthesis
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Learn how the brain blocks movement and sensation during REM sleep dreaming
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Learn how random brain activation during REM sleep creates dream content through synthesis
Unlock Full CourseWilliams et al. Bizarreness Study
Explore Williams et al.'s study on dream bizarreness and Activation-Synthesis Theory evidence
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Explore scientific evidence supporting Hobson McCarley's biological theory of dream formation
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Explore compelling evidence challenging Hobson & McCarley's theory that dreams are random neural activity
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Learn how Activation-Synthesis Theory applies to sleep therapy, research and understanding dreams
Unlock Full CoursePsychodynamic Theory of Dreaming (14 lessons)
Explore psychodynamic theory of dreaming in Psychology.
Parts of the Mind in Dreams
Explore how Freud's id, ego and superego create symbolic dream content and meanings.
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Explore Freud's theory distinguishing between manifest dream content and hidden latent meanings.
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Explore Freud's wish fulfilment theory and how dreams satisfy unconscious desires symbolically
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Learn how condensation, displacement and symbolisation transform unconscious thoughts into dream content
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Learn how multiple thoughts and feelings combine into single dream images through condensation.
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Explore how the mind disguises disturbing thoughts through displacement in dreams according to psychodynamic theory
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Learn how secondary elaboration transforms chaotic dream content into logical narratives
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Learn Freud's dream analysis techniques including manifest content, latent content and symbol interpretation methods.
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Learn how Freud used free association to analyse dreams and uncover unconscious thoughts
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Explore Freud's psychodynamic theory and learn to analyse dream symbols and meanings
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Explore Iorio et al.'s research on trauma's impact on dream content and psychodynamic theory
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Explore evidence supporting Freud's theory that dreams reveal unconscious thoughts and desires
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Examine scientific criticisms and alternative explanations challenging Freudian dream interpretation methods
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Learn how psychodynamic therapists apply dream analysis techniques to understand unconscious minds
Unlock Full CourseTheme 10: Prosocial Behaviour
Key Concepts of Prosocial Behaviour (5 lessons)
Explore key concepts of prosocial behaviour in Psychology.
Defining Prosocial Behaviour
Learn to define prosocial behaviour and distinguish it from altruism and helping behaviour concepts.
Unlock Full CourseDevelopment with Age
Explore how prosocial behaviour develops from infancy through adolescence and key influencing factors
Unlock Full CourseExamples: Helping, Sharing, Caring
Learn about helping, sharing and caring behaviours through real examples and psychological research.
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Explore personality traits, mood, empathy, values and demographics that influence individual helping behaviour
Unlock Full CourseSituational Factors in Prosocial Behaviour
Learn how situations influence helping behaviour including bystander effects and environmental factors
Unlock Full CourseBiological Explanation of Prosocial Behaviour (11 lessons)
Explore biological explanation of prosocial behaviour in Psychology.
Neurotransmitters and Behaviour
Learn how brain chemicals like serotonin, dopamine and oxytocin influence helping behaviour
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Explore how serotonin neurotransmitter influences helping behaviour and prosocial actions in humans.
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Explore how oxytocin hormone influences prosocial behaviour through biological mechanisms and research evidence.
Unlock Full CourseBrain Areas: Prefrontal Cortex
Learn how the prefrontal cortex controls empathy, moral reasoning and prosocial behaviour decisions.
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Explore how the amygdala processes emotions and drives empathetic prosocial behaviour
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Explore how genetic factors influence prosocial behaviour through twin and adoption studies
Unlock Full CourseTwin Studies: MZ and DZ Twins
Learn how twin studies reveal genetic and environmental influences on prosocial behaviour patterns.
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Explore Rushton's twin study investigating genetic influences on prosocial behaviour and altruism
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Explore genetic, evolutionary and neurobiological evidence supporting biological explanations for prosocial behaviour.
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Explore how environment, culture and learning challenge genetic determinism in prosocial behaviour
Unlock Full CourseApplication of Biological Research
Explore how biological research on prosocial behaviour applies to education, healthcare and social policy interventions.
Unlock Full CourseSocial Identity Theory of Prosocial Behaviour (13 lessons)
Explore social identity theory of prosocial behaviour in Psychology.
Social Identity Concept
Explore how group membership and social identity influence our willingness to help others
Unlock Full CourseTajfel and Turner Theory
Learn how Tajfel and Turner's Social Identity Theory explains group-based prosocial behaviour patterns
Unlock Full CourseSocial Categorisation Process
Learn how social categorisation creates in-groups and out-groups affecting prosocial behaviour patterns
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Learn how social identification process influences when and why we help others
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Learn how social comparison processes influence when and why we help others
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Explore how group membership influences helping behaviour through ingroup favouritism and outgroup dynamics
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Understanding how group membership and self-esteem influence prosocial behaviour patterns
Unlock Full CourseShared Identity and Helping
Learn how shared group identity influences when and why we help others
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Explore how group membership influences helping behaviour and creates loyalty to ingroups
Unlock Full CourseLevine et al. Helping Behaviour Study
Learn how Social Identity Theory explains helping behaviour through Levine's football fan study
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Explore key arguments supporting Social Identity Theory in explaining prosocial helping behaviour patterns
Unlock Full CourseArguments against Group-only Explanations
Explore individual and situational factors that challenge group-only explanations of prosocial behaviour
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Learn how Social Identity Theory explains helping behaviour in real-world emergency, charity and community situations.
Unlock Full CourseBandura Social Learning Theory (15 lessons)
Explore bandura social learning theory in Psychology.
Social Learning Theory Introduction
Learn how people acquire new behaviours through observation and imitation of others
Unlock Full CourseFour Processes: Attention and Retention
Master attention and retention processes in Bandura's Social Learning Theory framework.
Unlock Full CourseFour Processes: Reproduction and Motivation
Learn how reproduction and motivation complete Bandura's social learning process through observation.
Unlock Full CourseTypes of Models
Learn about live, symbolic and verbal instruction models in social learning theory.
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Learn how observing others' rewards and punishments influences our own behaviour choices.
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Learn how children develop helping behaviours by observing prosocial models around them.
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Learn how people imitate prosocial behaviours through Bandura's observational learning processes and research evidence.
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Learn how Bandura's Social Learning Theory explains prosocial media's positive influence on behaviour
Unlock Full CourseModelling and Media
Explore how people learn behaviours through observation, imitation and media influence
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Learn how parents guide children's learning through Bandura's Social Learning Theory principles
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Learn how children develop empathy through observing and modelling others' caring behaviours
Unlock Full CourseProt et al. Prosocial Media Study
Learn how Prot et al. studied prosocial media effects using Bandura's Social Learning Theory principles
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Explore compelling research evidence and real-world applications supporting Bandura's Social Learning Theory
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Explore criticisms of Bandura's environmental focus including biological factors and individual differences
Unlock Full CourseApplication of Social Learning Theory
Explore real-world applications of social learning theory in education, therapy and behaviour change.
Unlock Full CourseTheme 11: Visual Perception
Key Concepts of Visual Perception (14 lessons)
Explore key concepts of visual perception in Psychology.
Sensation vs Perception
Learn how sensation detects visual information whilst perception interprets meaning from sensory data
Unlock Full CourseThe Five Senses
Explore how visual perception works and discover the psychological functions of all five senses
Unlock Full CourseRole of Occipital Lobe
Understanding how the occipital lobe processes visual information and creates our visual world
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Learn how your brain maintains consistent shape perception despite changing viewing angles.
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Learn how your brain maintains object size perception despite distance changes through visual constancy.
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Learn how your brain keeps colours looking consistent despite changing lighting conditions.
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Learn how brightness differences help judge distance and create depth perception
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Learn how texture gradient helps us perceive depth and distance in visual scenes.
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Learn how relative size and superimposition help create depth perception in vision
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Learn how height in plane helps us judge distance and depth in visual perception.
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Learn how your brain separates important objects from backgrounds using figure-ground perception principles
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Learn how similarity and proximity principles organise visual information in everyday perception
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Learn how closure and continuity principles help organise visual information into meaningful patterns
Unlock Full CourseApplication of Perception Concepts
Learn how visual perception theories apply to sports, technology, education and everyday safety situations.
Unlock Full CourseGibsons Direct Theory of Perception (14 lessons)
Explore gibsons direct theory of perception in Psychology.
Gibsons Direct Theory Introduction
Learn how Gibson's revolutionary theory explains direct perception and environmental affordances in psychology.
Unlock Full CourseBottom-up Processing
Learn how Gibson's theory explains direct perception through bottom-up environmental processing
Unlock Full CourseRole of Nature (Innate Factors)
Explore how innate factors shape perception through Gibson's Direct Theory and natural affordances.
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Learn how Gibson's theory explains direct perception and affordances through sensory information
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Learn how Gibson's theory explains perception as an evolved survival mechanism for detecting dangers and opportunities.
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Learn how Gibson's optic flow theory explains visual perception during movement and navigation
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Learn how motion parallax helps us judge distance and depth through Gibson's ecological approach
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Learn how Gibson's linear perspective invariants help us judge distance and depth automatically.
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Learn how texture gradients provide direct visual information about depth and distance perception.
Unlock Full CourseAffordances in Environment
Explore how Gibson's theory explains environmental affordances and their influence on behaviour
Unlock Full CourseGibson and Walk Visual Cliff Study
Explore Gibson's Direct Theory and the famous Visual Cliff Study on infant depth perception
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Explore Gibson's key arguments supporting direct perception theory and environmental information pickup
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Explore how cultural differences challenge Gibson's Direct Theory of Perception through research evidence
Unlock Full CourseApplication of Direct Theory
Explore real-world applications of Gibson's Direct Theory in sports, design and everyday perception
Unlock Full CourseGregorys Constructivist Theory (14 lessons)
Explore gregorys constructivist theory in Psychology.
Gregorys Constructivist Theory Introduction
Learn how Gregory's theory explains how our brains actively construct what we see using past experiences.
Unlock Full CourseTop-down Processing
Learn how Gregory's theory explains perception through top-down processing and brain construction
Unlock Full CourseRole of Nurture (Environment)
Explore how environment and culture shape perception through Gregory's Constructivist Theory
Unlock Full CourseSchemas in Perception
Explore how past experiences and mental frameworks shape what we perceive and see
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Learn how Gregory's theory explains making inferences from incomplete visual information using experience
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Learn how Gregory's theory explains how our brain makes educated guesses about perception
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Explore how expectations, context and motivation shape what we perceive through Gregory's theory
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Explore how cultural background shapes perception through Gregory's Constructivist Theory and perceptual set
Unlock Full CourseMotivation and Emotion Effects
Explore how motivation and emotions shape perception through Gregory's Constructivist Theory principles.
Unlock Full CourseExpectation Effects
Learn how expectations and prior knowledge influence what we perceive and see
Unlock Full CourseHaber and Levin Familiarity Study
Learn how familiarity affects visual perception through Haber and Levin's groundbreaking psychology study
Unlock Full CourseArguments for Constructivist Theory
Explore compelling evidence showing how we actively construct perception using experience and expectations.
Unlock Full CourseArguments against Ignoring Nature
Explore biological evidence challenging Gregory's theory and supporting innate perceptual abilities in humans.
Unlock Full CourseApplication of Constructivist Theory
Explore how Gregory's Constructivist Theory applies to education, design, healthcare and technology in practice.
Unlock Full CourseVisual Illusions and Culture (13 lessons)
Explore visual illusions and culture in Psychology.
Types of Visual Illusions
Explore different types of visual illusions and how culture influences perception
Unlock Full CourseAmbiguous Figures: Leepers Lady
Explore how culture influences perception through Leeper's famous ambiguous lady experiment.
Unlock Full CourseFictions: Kanizsa Triangle
Explore how the Kanizsa Triangle illusion works and cultural influences on visual perception
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Learn how the Müller-Lyer illusion works and why cultural background affects visual perception
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Explore how impossible figures like the Penrose Triangle trick our brains and vary across cultures.
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Learn how the Ebbinghaus illusion demonstrates cultural differences in visual perception and relative size judgement.
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Learn how Gestalt principles create visual illusions and influence cultural perception patterns.
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Explore how cultural background and environment influence perception of visual illusions across different societies.
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Explore how culture shapes visual perception and attention patterns across different societies.
Unlock Full CourseBremner et al. Culture and Illusions Study
Explore how cultural background influences visual perception through Bremner's illusion study
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Explore how cultural environment and upbringing influence susceptibility to visual illusions
Unlock Full CourseArguments for Universal Perception
Explore evidence supporting universal visual perception patterns across different cultures and societies.
Unlock Full CourseApplication of Illusion Research
Explore how visual illusion research applies to real-world problems in design, safety and technology.
Unlock Full CourseTheme 12: Motivation and Needs
Key Concepts of Motivation (9 lessons)
Explore key concepts of motivation in Psychology.
Defining Motivation
Learn what motivation is, explore intrinsic versus extrinsic types and understand biological drives.
Unlock Full CourseExtrinsic Motivation
Explore external rewards and punishments that drive behaviour in schools, work and daily life.
Unlock Full CourseIntrinsic Motivation
Explore intrinsic motivation theory, psychological needs and how internal drives affect learning and performance.
Unlock Full CourseUnderstanding Needs
Explore human needs theory including Maslow's hierarchy and how needs drive motivation
Unlock Full CourseMaslows Hierarchy: Physiological Needs
Learn how basic physiological needs like food, water and sleep motivate human behaviour
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Explore safety needs in Maslow's hierarchy and how security motivates human behaviour
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Explore love and belonging needs in Maslow's hierarchy and their impact on wellbeing
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Explore esteem needs in Maslow's hierarchy, including self-esteem and recognition from others.
Unlock Full CourseMaslows Hierarchy: Self-actualisation
Explore self-actualisation as the highest level of human motivation in Maslow's hierarchy
Unlock Full CourseHulls Drive Reduction Theory (11 lessons)
Explore hulls drive reduction theory in Psychology.
Biological Drives Concept
Learn how Hull's Drive Reduction Theory explains motivation through biological drives and homeostasis
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Learn how Hull's Drive Reduction Theory explains motivation through sympathetic nervous system activation.
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Learn how Hull's Drive Reduction Theory explains motivation through parasympathetic nervous system responses
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Explore Hull's Drive Reduction Theory and how biological arousal states motivate behaviour
Unlock Full CourseRole of Biological Instincts
Explore how biological instincts and drives motivate human behaviour according to Hull's theory
Unlock Full CourseEnvironmental Cues and Fixed-action Patterns
Learn how environmental cues trigger drives and fixed-action patterns in human behaviour
Unlock Full CourseHulls Drive Reduction Theory
Learn how Hull's Drive Reduction Theory explains motivation through biological needs and homeostasis
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Explore Hull's Drive Reduction Theory and discover how homeostasis influences human behaviour and motivation.
Unlock Full CoursePrimary and Secondary Drives
Explore Hull's Drive Reduction Theory, distinguishing between primary biological drives and learned secondary drives.
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Explore Hull's Drive Reduction Theory and Optimal Arousal concepts for peak performance
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Learn how Hull's Drive Reduction Theory applies to education, therapy, marketing and everyday behaviour.
Unlock Full CoursePositive Reinforcement in Education (10 lessons)
Explore positive reinforcement in education in Psychology.
Positive Reinforcement Concept
Understanding positive reinforcement principles and applications in educational settings for behaviour management
Unlock Full CourseExternal Rewards Influence
Explore how external rewards like certificates, praise and prizes influence student motivation and learning behaviour.
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Learn how positive reinforcement techniques effectively shape student behaviour in educational settings
Unlock Full CourseToken Economies in Education
Learn how token economy systems use positive reinforcement to improve student behaviour and academic performance.
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Learn how peer feedback systems use positive reinforcement to improve student learning and motivation.
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Learn how verbal and non-verbal praise motivates students and improves classroom learning outcomes.
Unlock Full CourseBoniecki and Moore Classroom Study
Learn how Boniecki and Moore proved positive reinforcement transforms classroom behaviour and academic performance.
Unlock Full CourseArguments for Positive Reinforcement
Explore research-backed arguments supporting positive reinforcement strategies in educational settings and student development.
Unlock Full CourseArguments about Environmental Factors
Explore how environmental factors influence positive reinforcement effectiveness in educational settings
Unlock Full CourseApplication in Educational Settings
Learn how positive reinforcement techniques effectively motivate students and improve classroom behaviour
Unlock Full CoursePsychodynamic Motivation and Marketing (13 lessons)
Explore psychodynamic motivation and marketing in Psychology.
Parts of the Mind in Marketing
Explore how Freud's id, ego and superego influence consumer behaviour and marketing strategies.
Unlock Full CourseStructure of Personality in Marketing
Learn how Freud's personality structure influences consumer behaviour and marketing strategies
Unlock Full CourseUnconscious Desires and Identification
Explore how unconscious desires and identification techniques influence consumer behaviour and marketing strategies.
Unlock Full CourseProducts with Symbolic Meaning
Explore how psychodynamic theory explains consumer motivation and products' symbolic meanings in marketing
Unlock Full CourseDefence Mechanisms in Marketing
Learn how marketers use psychological defence mechanisms to influence consumer buying decisions and behaviour.
Unlock Full CourseRegression in Advertising
Learn how advertisers use psychological regression to trigger childhood memories and influence purchasing decisions.
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Learn how consumers justify purchases through psychological rationalisation and marketing exploitation techniques
Unlock Full CourseAdvertising Appeals: Nostalgia
Explore how advertisers use nostalgic memories and emotions to influence consumer behaviour
Unlock Full CourseAdvertising Appeals: Morality
Understanding how advertisers use moral appeals to influence consumer behaviour and decision-making
Unlock Full CourseMerchant et al. Nostalgic Advertising Study
Explore how nostalgic advertising influences consumer behaviour through psychodynamic motivation and emotional memory triggers.
Unlock Full CourseArguments for Psychodynamic Marketing
Explore compelling arguments for using psychodynamic approaches in modern marketing strategies
Unlock Full CourseArguments about Unconscious Measurement
Explore debates surrounding techniques that measure unconscious thoughts and feelings in marketing psychology.
Unlock Full CourseApplication of Marketing Psychology
Learn how psychodynamic theory explains consumer behaviour and marketing psychology applications
Unlock Full CourseMotivation to Exercise (10 lessons)
Explore motivation to exercise in Psychology.
Deci and Ryans Self-determination Theory
Learn how Deci and Ryan's Self-Determination Theory explains intrinsic motivation for exercise
Unlock Full CourseCompetence Need
Understanding how feeling capable and skilled affects motivation to exercise and participate in physical activities.
Unlock Full CourseRelatedness Need
Understanding how social connections and belonging drive motivation to exercise regularly
Unlock Full CourseAutonomy Need
Explore how autonomy need drives exercise motivation and creates lasting fitness habits
Unlock Full CourseSelf-determination and Exercise
Explore how autonomy, competence and relatedness drive long-term exercise motivation and behaviour
Unlock Full CourseExtrinsic vs Intrinsic Motivation in Exercise
Explore how external rewards and internal satisfaction differently motivate exercise behaviour patterns.
Unlock Full CourseCalvo et al. Sports Persistence Study
Explore Calvo et al.'s research on psychological factors that predict long-term exercise persistence
Unlock Full CourseArguments for Self-determination Theory
Explore how autonomy, competence and relatedness drive intrinsic motivation for exercise behaviour
Unlock Full CourseEnvironmental Barriers to Exercise
Explore environmental barriers that prevent exercise participation and strategies to overcome them
Unlock Full CourseApplication of Self-determination Theory
Learn how Self-determination Theory's three basic needs drive lasting exercise motivation and enjoyment.
Unlock Full CourseTheme 13: Language Development
Key Concepts of Language Development (7 lessons)
Explore key concepts of language development in Psychology.
Defining Language Systems
Explore the four key language systems: phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics in communication
Unlock Full CoursePre-linguistic Stage
Explore how babies develop communication skills through crying, cooing and babbling before first words.
Unlock Full CourseBabbling Stage
Understanding how babies develop speech sounds through babbling stages and early communication patterns.
Unlock Full CourseOne-word Stage
Learn how toddlers use single words to express complex thoughts and communicate effectively.
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Learn how children combine words to create meaning during the two-word stage
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Learn how children combine words in telegraphic speech during early language development
Unlock Full CourseMulti-word (Post-telegraphic) Stage
Explore how children develop complex grammar and longer sentences during post-telegraphic language development.
Unlock Full CourseBiological Explanation of Language Acquisition (6 lessons)
Explore biological explanation of language acquisition in Psychology.
Language Centres in the Brain
Explore brain regions like Broca's and Wernicke's areas that control language processing and production.
Unlock Full CourseBrocas Area and Speech Production
Explore how Broca's area in the brain controls speech production and language development
Unlock Full CourseWernickes Area and Speech Understanding
Explore how Wernicke's area enables speech understanding and supports biological language acquisition theories.
Unlock Full CourseChomskys Biological Theory
Explore Chomsky's biological theory explaining innate language acquisition mechanisms and critical periods
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Explore Chomsky's Language Acquisition Device theory and how humans are biologically programmed for language learning
Unlock Full CourseUniversal Grammar and Critical Period
Explore Universal Grammar theory and Critical Period Hypothesis in biological language acquisition
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