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Cambridge IGCSE Environmental Management

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Theme 1: Rocks and Minerals and Their Exploitation

Formation of Rocks (4 lessons)

Explore formation of rocks in Environmental Management.

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The Rock Cycle

Explore how rocks transform between igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic types through the rock cycle.

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Igneous Rocks Formation and Characteristics

Explore how magma transforms into igneous rocks and their distinctive characteristics through cooling processes.

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Sedimentary Rocks Formation and Characteristics

Explore the formation processes and key characteristics of sedimentary rocks in Earth's crust.

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Metamorphic Rocks Formation and Characteristics

Explore how heat and pressure transform rocks into metamorphic varieties with distinctive properties.

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Extraction of Rocks and Minerals (4 lessons)

Explore extraction of rocks and minerals in Environmental Management.

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Surface Mining Techniques

Explore surface mining techniques and their environmental impacts in mineral extraction.

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Subsurface Mining Techniques

Explore different subsurface mining methods and their environmental impacts in mineral extraction.

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Factors Affecting Extraction Decisions I

Explore how geological, economic, environmental and technological factors influence mining decisions.

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Factors Affecting Extraction Decisions II

Explore economic, environmental and social factors that influence mineral extraction decisions.

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Impact of Rock and Mineral Extraction (4 lessons)

Explore impact of rock and mineral extraction in Environmental Management.

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Environmental Impacts of Extraction

Explore the environmental consequences of mining and quarrying on landscapes, water and communities.

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Economic Impacts of Extraction

Explore how mineral extraction creates jobs, revenue and development alongside economic challenges.

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Social Impacts of Extraction

Explore how mining affects communities through employment, health, culture and social change.

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Case Study: Local Mine Development and Impacts

Explore how local mining operations impact environments, economies and communities through detailed case studies.

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Managing the Impact of Rock and Mineral Extraction (4 lessons)

Explore managing the impact of rock and mineral extraction in Environmental Management.

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Safe Disposal of Mining Waste

Learn how mining waste is safely managed to protect communities and the environment.

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Land Restoration Techniques

Learn techniques to restore and repurpose land after mining and quarrying operations

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Creating Lakes and Nature Reserves

Learn how former quarries and mines can be transformed into thriving lakes and nature reserves.

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Landfill Management

Learn how landfills are designed, managed and restored to minimise environmental impacts.

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Sustainable Use of Rocks and Minerals (5 lessons)

Explore sustainable use of rocks and minerals in Environmental Management.

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Defining Sustainable Resources and Development

Learn how to define and manage sustainable mineral resources for present and future generations.

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Improving Extraction Efficiency

Learn how modern technologies and methods improve mineral extraction while reducing environmental impacts.

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Improving Resource Use Efficiency

Learn strategies to maximise efficiency in rock and mineral resource use through recycling and alternatives.

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Recycling Rocks and Minerals

Discover how recycling rocks and minerals reduces environmental impact and conserves valuable resources.

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Mining Legislation and Regulations

Learn about mining laws and regulations that protect environments and communities worldwide.

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Theme 2: Energy and the Environment

Fossil Fuel Formation (3 lessons)

Explore fossil fuel formation in Environmental Management.

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Formation of Coal

Explore how ancient plant material transforms into coal through geological processes over millions of years.

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Formation of Oil and Gas

Explore how ancient marine organisms transform into oil and gas over millions of years.

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Global Distribution of Fossil Fuels

Explore the formation and global distribution patterns of coal, oil and natural gas resources.

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Energy Resources and Electricity Generation (12 lessons)

Explore energy resources and electricity generation in Environmental Management.

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Non-renewable vs Renewable Resources

Learn how renewable and non-renewable energy resources differ and their impacts on electricity generation.

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Fossil Fuels for Electricity Generation

Learn how fossil fuels are used to generate electricity and their environmental impacts.

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Nuclear Power Generation

Explore nuclear fission, power generation methods, benefits, risks and environmental impacts.

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Biofuels for Energy

Explore biofuels as renewable energy sources, their production methods and environmental impacts.

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Geothermal Power Generation

Explore geothermal power generation, its processes, environmental impacts and global distribution.

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Hydro-electric Power Generation

Learn how hydroelectric power works, its impacts and its role in renewable energy generation.

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Tidal and Wave Power Generation

Explore tidal and wave power systems and their role in renewable electricity generation.

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Solar Power Generation

Explore solar power generation technologies, applications, impacts and future developments in renewable energy.

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Wind Power Generation

Explore wind power generation principles, turbine types and environmental impacts as a renewable energy source.

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Environmental Advantages and Disadvantages of Energy Resources

Explore environmental pros and cons of different energy resources for electricity generation.

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Economic Advantages and Disadvantages of Energy Resources

Learn how different energy sources impact economies through costs, jobs and investment patterns.

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Social Advantages and Disadvantages of Energy Resources

Explore how energy resources impact communities, create jobs, affect health and influence quality of life.

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Energy Demand (5 lessons)

Explore energy demand in Environmental Management.

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Domestic Energy Demand

Explore how households consume energy and strategies to improve domestic energy efficiency.

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Industrial Energy Demand

Explore industrial energy consumption patterns, impacts and efficiency strategies for sustainable production.

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Transport Energy Demand

Explore transport energy consumption patterns and strategies to reduce demand in different systems.

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Wealth and Energy Consumption

Explore how wealth influences energy consumption patterns across different countries and economies.

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Climate and Energy Demand

Explore how climate patterns influence global energy consumption and future demand trends.

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Conservation and Management of Energy Resources (6 lessons)

Explore conservation and management of energy resources in Environmental Management.

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Reducing Energy Consumption

Learn strategies to reduce energy consumption in buildings, transport and industry for sustainability.

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Energy from Waste Products

Learn how various waste materials can be converted into renewable energy through different technologies.

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Exploiting Existing Energy Sources

Learn how fossil fuels and nuclear energy are extracted and their environmental impacts.

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Energy Conservation Education

Learn effective strategies for teaching energy conservation to create lasting behaviour change.

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Transport Policies for Energy Conservation

Explore transport policies that reduce energy use and promote sustainable mobility systems.

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Fracking: Processes and Impacts

Learn about hydraulic fracturing processes and their environmental, social and economic impacts.

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Impact of Oil Pollution (4 lessons)

Explore impact of oil pollution in Environmental Management.

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Causes of Oil Pollution: Offshore Extraction

Learn about the causes and impacts of oil pollution from offshore drilling operations.

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Causes of Oil Pollution: Pipelines and Shipping

Explore how pipelines and shipping cause oil pollution and their devastating environmental impacts.

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Impact on Marine Ecosystems

Explore how oil spills devastate marine life and disrupt ocean ecosystems over time.

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Impact on Coastal Ecosystems

Explore how oil pollution damages coastal ecosystems and affects marine life and communities.

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Management of Oil Pollution (4 lessons)

Explore management of oil pollution in Environmental Management.

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MARPOL Convention

Learn how the MARPOL Convention prevents and manages oil pollution from ships globally.

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Double-hulled Oil Tankers

Explore how double-hulled oil tankers prevent marine pollution and protect ocean ecosystems.

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Oil Spill Management Techniques

Learn techniques to contain, remove and treat oil spills in marine environments.

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Case Study: Oil Pollution Event

Explore major oil spill causes, impacts, clean-up methods and the Deepwater Horizon disaster case study.

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Theme 3: Agriculture and the Environment

Soil Composition (3 lessons)

Explore soil composition in Environmental Management.

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Mineral Particles in Soil

Explore the types, properties and importance of mineral particles in soil composition.

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Organic Content in Soil

Explore the vital role of organic matter in soil fertility, structure and environmental health.

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Soil Particle Sizes and Soil Types

Explore soil particle sizes and how they determine soil types, properties and agricultural use.

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Soils for Plant Growth (6 lessons)

Explore soils for plant growth in Environmental Management.

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Mineral Ions for Plant Growth

Learn how plants absorb and use essential mineral ions for healthy growth and development.

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Role of Organic Content in Soil

Explore how organic matter transforms soil properties and supports healthy plant growth.

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Soil pH and Plant Growth

Understand how soil pH affects nutrient availability and plant growth in different environments.

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Air and Water in Soil

Explore how air and water in soil interact to support healthy plant growth and development.

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Drainage and Cultivation Properties

Explore how soil drainage and cultivation properties affect plant growth and agricultural productivity.

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Sandy vs Clay Soils

Explore the properties of sandy and clay soils and how they affect plant growth and agriculture.

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Agriculture Types (3 lessons)

Explore agriculture types in Environmental Management.

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Arable, Pastoral and Mixed Farming

Explore arable, pastoral and mixed farming systems and their environmental impacts worldwide.

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Subsistence vs Commercial Agriculture

Compare subsistence and commercial farming systems and their environmental impacts worldwide.

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Agricultural Systems Around the World

Explore diverse agricultural systems worldwide and their environmental impacts and sustainability challenges.

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Increasing Agricultural Yields (9 lessons)

Explore increasing agricultural yields in Environmental Management.

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Crop Rotation Methods

Learn how crop rotation methods can sustainably increase agricultural yields and soil health.

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Fertilisers and Their Applications

Learn how different fertilisers boost crop yields and their environmental impacts when applied to farmland.

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Irrigation Techniques

Learn about irrigation techniques that boost crop yields while managing water resources efficiently.

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Pest Control Methods

Learn effective and sustainable pest control methods to increase agricultural yields safely.

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Weed and Fungi Control

Learn effective methods to control weeds and fungi to boost crop yields sustainably.

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Agricultural Mechanisation

Explore how machinery and technology transform farming to increase yields and efficiency.

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Selective Breeding in Agriculture

Learn how selective breeding improves crops and livestock to increase agricultural yields sustainably.

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Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture

Explore how GMOs can increase crop yields while examining benefits, risks and global impacts.

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Controlled Environment Agriculture

Explore how controlled environment agriculture technologies optimise crop yields through precise environmental management

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Impact of Agriculture (8 lessons)

Explore impact of agriculture in Environmental Management.

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Overuse of Insecticides and Herbicides

Explore the environmental consequences of excessive agricultural chemical use and sustainable alternatives.

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Overuse of Fertilisers

Learn how excessive fertiliser use harms water, soil and air quality in agricultural systems.

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Irrigation Mismanagement: Salinisation

Learn how poor irrigation practices cause soil salinisation and its environmental impacts on agriculture.

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Irrigation Mismanagement: Waterlogging

Explore how poor irrigation management causes waterlogging and its environmental impacts on agriculture.

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Overproduction and Waste in Agriculture

Explore the causes and impacts of surplus food production and agricultural waste management.

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Exhaustion of Mineral Ion Content

Learn how agricultural practices deplete soil nutrients and strategies to maintain soil fertility.

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Soil Erosion in Agriculture

Explore causes, impacts and solutions to soil erosion in agricultural landscapes worldwide.

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Cash Crops vs Food Crops

Explore the environmental and social impacts of cash crops versus food crops in global agriculture.

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Causes and Impacts of Soil Erosion (7 lessons)

Explore causes and impacts of soil erosion in Environmental Management.

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Natural Vegetation Removal

Explore how removing natural vegetation accelerates soil erosion and impacts land stability.

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Water and Wind Erosion

Explore how water and wind cause soil erosion and their environmental and social impacts.

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Habitat Loss from Soil Erosion

Explore how soil erosion destroys habitats and threatens global biodiversity.

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Desertification Processes

Explore the causes, processes and impacts of desertification on environments and human communities.

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River Silting from Soil Erosion

Explore how soil erosion causes river silting and its environmental and economic impacts.

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Human Displacement from Soil Erosion

Explore how soil erosion forces communities to relocate and its devastating social impacts.

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Malnutrition and Famine Related to Soil Erosion

Explore how soil erosion leads to reduced crop yields, malnutrition and famine in vulnerable regions.

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Managing Soil Erosion (7 lessons)

Explore managing soil erosion in Environmental Management.

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Terracing Techniques

Learn how terracing techniques prevent soil erosion and create sustainable agricultural landscapes worldwide.

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Contour Ploughing Methods

Learn how contour ploughing prevents soil erosion by following landscape contours on farmland.

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Bunds and Wind Breaks

Learn how bunds and windbreaks effectively prevent soil erosion in different landscapes and climates.

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Maintaining Vegetation Cover

Learn how to prevent soil erosion through effective vegetation cover management techniques and strategies.

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Improving Soil Structure with Organic Matter

Learn how organic matter improves soil structure to prevent erosion and enhance soil health.

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Tree Planting and Mixed Cropping

Learn how tree planting and mixed cropping strategies effectively combat soil erosion in sustainable agriculture.

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Intercropping and Crop Rotation for Soil Conservation

Learn how intercropping and crop rotation methods effectively prevent soil erosion and improve land productivity.

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Sustainable Agriculture (8 lessons)

Explore sustainable agriculture in Environmental Management.

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Organic Fertilisers: Crop Residue and Manure

Learn how crop residues and animal manure can build soil health and support sustainable farming practices.

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Managed Grazing and Livestock Rotation

Learn how managed grazing and livestock rotation create sustainable farming systems that benefit soil and biodiversity.

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Crop Rotation for Sustainability

Learn how crop rotation creates sustainable farming systems by improving soil health and reducing pests.

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Pest-resistant Crop Varieties

Learn how pest-resistant crop varieties reduce chemical use and increase sustainable food production.

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Drought-resistant Crop Varieties

Learn how drought-resistant crop varieties help farmers produce food with less water in changing climates.

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Trickle Drip Irrigation

Learn how trickle drip irrigation systems conserve water and enhance sustainable farming practices.

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Rainwater Harvesting for Agriculture

Learn how to capture, store and use rainwater effectively for sustainable farming practices.

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Case Study: Agriculture with Environmental Consequences

Examine case studies of agricultural practices that cause environmental damage and potential solutions.

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Theme 4: Water and Its Management

Global Water Distribution (3 lessons)

Explore global water distribution in Environmental Management.

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Distribution of Earths Water: Oceans

Explore how oceans dominate Earth's water distribution and their vital global importance.

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Distribution of Earths Fresh Water

Explore the global distribution of freshwater and its importance for human survival and ecosystems.

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Global Water Resources Map

Explore how water resources are distributed globally through detailed map analysis and interpretation.

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The Water Cycle (4 lessons)

Explore the water cycle in Environmental Management.

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Precipitation and Interception

Explore how water returns to Earth through precipitation and is intercepted by vegetation.

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Surface Run-off and Infiltration

Explore how water moves across land surfaces and into soil through natural and human-influenced processes.

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Through-flow and Ground Water Flow

Explore how water moves through soil and rock layers in the water cycle.

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Transpiration, Evaporation and Condensation

Explore the water cycle's key processes: transpiration, evaporation and condensation and their environmental impacts.

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Water Supply (4 lessons)

Explore water supply in Environmental Management.

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Aquifers and Wells

Explore aquifers and wells as crucial groundwater resources for sustainable water supply.

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Rivers as Water Sources

Explore how rivers function as vital freshwater sources and their sustainable management approaches.

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Reservoirs as Water Sources

Explore how reservoirs store and supply water, their environmental impacts and sustainable management.

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Desalination Plants

Learn how desalination plants convert seawater to freshwater and their environmental impacts.

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Water Usage (4 lessons)

Explore water usage in Environmental Management.

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Domestic Water Usage

Explore domestic water sources, usage patterns, conservation strategies and global inequalities in access.

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Industrial Water Usage

Explore industrial water usage patterns, impacts and sustainable management approaches worldwide.

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Agricultural Water Usage

Explore how agriculture uses water globally and methods to improve efficiency and sustainability.

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Water Footprints

Explore how water footprints measure and track water usage in products, industries and daily life.

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Water Quality and Availability (4 lessons)

Explore water quality and availability in Environmental Management.

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Water-rich vs Water-poor Regions

Explore global water inequality and management strategies in regions with varying water availability.

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Potential for Water Conflict

Explore how water scarcity leads to conflicts between regions and strategies for resolution.

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Urban Access to Safe Drinking Water

Learn how cities provide safe drinking water and the challenges of urban water access.

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Rural Access to Safe Drinking Water

Explore challenges and solutions for providing safe drinking water to rural communities worldwide.

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Multipurpose Dam Projects (6 lessons)

Explore multipurpose dam projects in Environmental Management.

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Dam Site Selection Criteria

Learn how to evaluate and select optimal dam sites using physical, environmental and social criteria.

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Environmental Impacts of Dams

Explore how dams impact physical environments, ecosystems and human communities upstream and downstream.

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Economic Impacts of Dams

Explore the economic benefits and costs of dam projects and their impacts on development.

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Social Impacts of Dams

Explore how dam projects transform communities through displacement, cultural impacts and livelihood changes.

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Sustainability of Dam Projects

Explore how dam projects balance environmental, social and economic factors for long-term sustainability.

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Case Study: Multipurpose Dam Scheme

Explore the Three Gorges Dam case study and evaluate impacts of multipurpose dam schemes.

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Water Pollution and Its Sources (4 lessons)

Explore water pollution and its sources in Environmental Management.

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Domestic Waste in Urban Areas

Learn how domestic waste in urban areas causes water pollution and management solutions.

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Domestic Waste in Rural Areas

Learn how domestic waste in rural areas affects water quality and sustainable management solutions.

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Industrial Processes and Water Pollution

Explore how industrial manufacturing, mining and chemical processes contaminate water resources globally.

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Agricultural Practices and Water Pollution

Explore how farming practices contribute to water pollution and sustainable solutions to protect waterways.

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Impact of Water Pollution (6 lessons)

Explore impact of water pollution in Environmental Management.

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Global Inequalities in Water Treatment

Explore global disparities in water treatment and their impacts on health and development.

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Infectious Bacterial Diseases from Water

Learn about waterborne bacterial diseases, their transmission, impacts and prevention strategies.

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Industrial Toxins in Water Bodies

Explore how industrial toxins contaminate water bodies and their impacts on ecosystems and human health.

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Bioaccumulation in Food Chains

Explore how toxic pollutants accumulate in aquatic organisms and magnify through food chains.

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Acid Rain Effects on Water Bodies

Explore how acid rain forms and damages lakes, rivers and aquatic life ecosystems.

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Eutrophication Processes

Explore how excess nutrients trigger algal blooms and oxygen depletion in aquatic ecosystems.

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Managing Pollution of Fresh Water (4 lessons)

Explore managing pollution of fresh water in Environmental Management.

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Improved Sanitation Systems

Learn how improved sanitation systems protect freshwater resources and human health worldwide.

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Sewage Treatment Methods

Learn how sewage treatment works to protect freshwater and prevent water pollution.

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Pollution Control Legislation

Learn how legislation protects freshwater from pollution through standards, enforcement and international cooperation.

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Case Study: Water Pollution Management

Learn how different regions manage water pollution through case studies and effective strategies.

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Managing Water-related Disease (7 lessons)

Explore managing water-related disease in Environmental Management.

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The Malaria Parasite Life Cycle

Explore the complex life cycle of malaria parasites as they travel between mosquitoes and humans.

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Anti-malarial Drugs and Treatments

Learn about anti-malarial drugs, their types, uses and challenges in preventing and treating malaria.

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Vector Control Strategies

Learn effective strategies to control disease vectors and prevent water-related illnesses.

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Malaria Eradication Programmes

Learn how malaria eradication programmes combine environmental, medical and social approaches to combat this deadly disease.

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Cholera Prevention and Management

Learn how to prevent and manage cholera outbreaks through water safety and public health measures.

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Safe Drinking Water Supply Systems

Learn how safe drinking water systems protect communities from waterborne diseases.

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Water Purification Methods

Learn essential water purification methods to prevent disease and ensure safe drinking water.

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Theme 5: Oceans and Fisheries

Oceans as a Resource (6 lessons)

Explore oceans as a resource in Environmental Management.

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Food Resources from Oceans

Explore how oceans provide food resources and the challenges of sustainable fisheries management.

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Chemical and Building Materials from Oceans

Explore chemical extraction processes and building materials sourced from our oceans and their sustainable management.

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Wave and Tidal Energy Potential

Explore wave and tidal energy technologies, their global potential and environmental impacts.

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Tourism and Ocean Resources

Explore how oceans support tourism and the environmental challenges of balancing visitor enjoyment with conservation.

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Transport and Shipping

Explore how oceans support global shipping networks and the environmental challenges of maritime transport.

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Oceans as Drinking Water Sources

Explore how oceans can be converted to drinking water through desalination technologies and processes.

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World Fisheries (6 lessons)

Explore world fisheries in Environmental Management.

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Major Ocean Currents Distribution

Explore how major ocean currents create the world's most productive fishing grounds and fisheries.

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Marine Fish Population Distribution

Explore global marine fish distribution patterns and the factors that determine where fish populations thrive.

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Continental Shelves and Fish Populations

Explore how continental shelves support global fisheries and the challenges of sustainable management.

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Cold and Warm Currents Effect on Fisheries

Explore how ocean currents create productive fishing grounds and shape global fishery distribution.

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El Niño Southern Oscillation Phenomenon

Explore how El Niño affects ocean temperatures, marine ecosystems and global fishing industries.

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Effects of ENSO on South American Fisheries

Explore how El Niño and La Niña events impact South American fisheries and coastal economies.

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Impact of Exploitation of the Oceans (5 lessons)

Explore impact of exploitation of the oceans in Environmental Management.

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Overfishing of Marine Species

Explore the causes, impacts and solutions to overfishing in our global marine ecosystems.

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Effects on Target Species

Explore how commercial fishing impacts marine species and threatens ocean biodiversity and food security.

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Bycatch Issues and Impacts

Explore bycatch problems in fisheries and their impacts on marine ecosystems and biodiversity.

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Marine Species Farming

Explore marine farming methods, impacts and sustainable practices for aquaculture development.

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Case Study: Marine Fishery Resource Management

Explore sustainable management strategies for marine fisheries and real-world case studies of success and failure.

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Management of the Harvesting of Marine Species (9 lessons)

Explore management of the harvesting of marine species in Environmental Management.

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Net Types and Mesh Size Regulations

Learn about fishing net types and how mesh size regulations protect marine ecosystems and fish stocks.

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Species-specific Fishing Methods

Learn how different fishing methods target specific marine species and their environmental impacts.

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Fishing Quotas and Enforcement

Learn how fishing quotas work and how they're enforced to protect marine resources

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Closed Seasons for Fisheries

Learn how closed fishing seasons protect marine species and ensure sustainable fisheries management.

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Protected Areas and Marine Reserves

Explore how marine protected areas and reserves safeguard ocean biodiversity and support sustainable fisheries.

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Conservation Laws for Marine Species

Learn about international and national laws protecting marine species and sustainable harvesting practices.

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International Fishing Agreements

Explore how nations cooperate to manage shared fisheries and protect marine resources sustainably.

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Monitoring Fisheries Compliance

Learn how fishing activities are monitored and regulated to ensure sustainable marine harvesting.

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Case Study: Marine Species Farming

Learn how marine species farming provides sustainable seafood while managing environmental impacts.

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Theme 6: Managing Natural Hazards

Earthquakes and Volcanoes (6 lessons)

Explore earthquakes and volcanoes in Environmental Management.

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Earths Structure: Crust, Mantle and Core

Explore Earth's layered structure and how it influences tectonic activity and natural hazards.

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Global Plate Distribution

Explore how tectonic plates are distributed globally and create earthquake and volcanic zones.

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Plate Movement Types

Explore the three main types of plate boundaries and their role in creating earthquakes and volcanoes.

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Earthquake and Volcano Distribution

Explore global patterns of earthquakes and volcanoes and how plate tectonics explains their distribution.

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Causes of Earthquakes and Volcanoes

Explore the Earth's structure, plate tectonics and how they cause earthquakes and volcanoes.

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Magnitude and the Richter Scale

Learn how earthquakes are measured using the Richter scale and other magnitude systems.

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Tropical Cyclones (4 lessons)

Explore tropical cyclones in Environmental Management.

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Global Distribution of Tropical Cyclones

Explore the global patterns of tropical cyclone formation and their regional distribution characteristics.

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Causes of Tropical Cyclones

Explore the essential conditions and processes that lead to the formation of tropical cyclones.

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Ocean Temperature and Cyclone Formation

Discover how warm ocean temperatures fuel tropical cyclones and affect their formation and intensity.

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Ocean Depth and Cyclone Formation

Explore how ocean depth and warm water layers influence tropical cyclone formation and intensity.

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Flooding (7 lessons)

Explore flooding in Environmental Management.

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Heavy and Prolonged Rainfall Flooding

Explore the causes, impacts and management of flooding caused by heavy and prolonged rainfall.

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Snowmelt Flooding

Understand how snowmelt creates floods, their impacts and management strategies in a changing climate.

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Land Relief and Flooding

Explore how land shape and relief features influence flood patterns, risks and management.

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Soil Conditions and Flooding

Explore how soil properties affect water movement and contribute to flooding events and mitigation.

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Human Activities and Flood Risk

Explore how human activities like urbanisation and deforestation increase flood risk worldwide.

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Storm Surges and Tsunamis

Explore the causes, impacts and management of storm surges and tsunamis as coastal flooding hazards.

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Climate Change and Sea Level Rise

Explore how climate change drives sea level rise and increases global flood risks in coastal regions.

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Drought (4 lessons)

Explore drought in Environmental Management.

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Prolonged High Pressure Systems

Explore how persistent high pressure systems develop and cause drought conditions worldwide.

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El Niño Effects on Drought

Explore how El Niño disrupts global rainfall patterns and triggers severe drought conditions worldwide.

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La Niña Effects on Drought

Explore how La Niña climate patterns influence global drought conditions and regional water availability.

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Climate Change and Drought Patterns

Explore how climate change affects global drought patterns and regional water security.

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The Impacts of Natural Hazards (9 lessons)

Explore the impacts of natural hazards in Environmental Management.

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Tectonic Event Impacts on Buildings

Explore how earthquakes damage buildings and the techniques used to create resilient structures.

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Secondary Hazards from Tectonic Events

Explore how earthquakes and volcanoes trigger tsunamis, landslides, fires and other deadly secondary hazards.

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Tectonic Event Human Impacts

Explore how earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis impact human communities and infrastructure.

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Tropical Cyclone Physical Impacts

Explore the devastating physical impacts of tropical cyclones on landscapes and infrastructure.

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Tropical Cyclone Human Impacts

Explore how tropical cyclones devastate communities through immediate and long-term human impacts.

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Flooding Physical Impacts

Explore how flooding physically transforms landscapes through erosion, deposition and environmental change.

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Flooding Human Impacts

Explore how floods impact human communities through displacement, health risks and economic damage.

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Drought Effects on Ecosystems

Explore how drought disrupts ecosystems through impacts on plants, animals and ecological processes.

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Drought Human Impacts

Explore how droughts impact human communities through migration, health issues and economic losses.

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Managing the Impacts of Natural Hazards (13 lessons)

Explore managing the impacts of natural hazards in Environmental Management.

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Tectonic Hazard Monitoring and Warning

Learn how scientists monitor and provide warnings for earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis.

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Land Use Zoning and Building Design

Learn how land use zoning and building design can reduce vulnerability to natural hazards.

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Disaster Preparation Plans

Learn how to create and implement effective disaster preparation plans to reduce natural hazard impacts.

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Evacuation and Rebuilding Strategies

Learn effective evacuation planning and rebuilding strategies to manage natural hazard impacts.

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Tropical Cyclone Preparation

Learn effective strategies to prepare for and mitigate impacts of tropical cyclones on communities.

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Tropical Cyclone Emergency Response

Learn how to prepare for, respond to and recover from tropical cyclones through effective emergency management.

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Flood Monitoring and Warning Systems

Learn how flood monitoring systems detect rising waters and warn communities before disaster strikes.

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Flood Management Techniques

Learn essential flood management techniques to reduce risks and protect communities from flooding hazards.

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Drought Monitoring Systems

Learn how drought monitoring systems detect, measure and provide early warnings for water shortages.

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Emergency Water Supplies and Conservation

Learn how to secure, purify and conserve water during natural disasters and emergencies.

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Water Supply Enhancement Strategies

Learn strategies to enhance water supply through dams, groundwater extraction and desalination techniques.

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Case Study: MEDC vs LEDC Tectonic Event Management

Compare earthquake management in MEDCs and LEDCs through detailed case studies and response strategies.

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Case Study: Tropical Storm/Flood/Drought Management

Learn how communities manage tropical storms, floods and droughts through case studies and strategies.

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Opportunities Presented by Natural Hazards (4 lessons)

Explore opportunities presented by natural hazards in Environmental Management.

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Silt Deposition and Farming

Discover how flood-deposited silt creates fertile farmland and supports sustainable agriculture worldwide.

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Volcanic Soils for Agriculture

Discover how volcanic soils create agricultural paradises with rich nutrients and ideal growing conditions.

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Mineral Extraction from Volcanic Areas

Discover how volcanic regions provide valuable mineral resources and extraction opportunities for modern industries.

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Geothermal Energy Resources

Explore how geothermal energy harnesses Earth's heat as a sustainable power resource.

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Theme 7: The Atmosphere and Human Activities

The Atmosphere (4 lessons)

Explore the atmosphere in Environmental Management.

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Atmosphere Structure: Layers

Explore the structure, properties and functions of Earth's four main atmospheric layers.

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Atmosphere Composition: Gases

Explore the gases in Earth's atmosphere, their roles and how human activities affect them.

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The Ozone Layer

Explore the ozone layer's structure, depletion causes, effects and international protection efforts.

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The Natural Greenhouse Effect

Explore how greenhouse gases naturally trap heat to maintain Earth's life-supporting temperature.

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Atmospheric Pollution and Its Causes (4 lessons)

Explore atmospheric pollution and its causes in Environmental Management.

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Smog Formation and Causes

Explore how smog forms through chemical reactions and the factors that worsen this hazardous air pollution.

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Acid Rain Formation and Causes

Explore the chemical processes and human activities that create acid rain in our atmosphere.

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Ozone Layer Depletion Processes

Explore the chemical processes that damage the ozone layer and their global impacts.

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Enhanced Greenhouse Effect Causes

Explore human activities causing increased greenhouse gas emissions and global warming effects.

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Impact of Atmospheric Pollution (8 lessons)

Explore impact of atmospheric pollution in Environmental Management.

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Health Effects of Smog

Explore how smog forms, its composition and its harmful effects on human health.

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Acid Rain Effects on Ecosystems

Explore how acid rain forms and damages aquatic ecosystems, forests and soil chemistry.

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Acid Rain Effects on Buildings

Explore how acid rain chemically damages buildings and monuments through corrosion and dissolution.

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Ozone Depletion and UV Radiation

Explore ozone layer depletion causes, UV radiation impacts and international protection efforts.

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Ozone Depletion Health Effects

Learn how ozone depletion increases UV radiation exposure and impacts human health and ecosystems.

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Climate Change: Ice Melt and Sea Level Rise

Explore how climate change drives ice melt and sea level rise, threatening coastal communities worldwide.

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Climate Change: Flooding and Land Loss

Explore how climate change increases flooding and causes land loss through sea level rise and extreme weather.

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Climate Change and Human Migration

Explore how climate change forces human migration and creates environmental refugees worldwide.

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Managing Atmospheric Pollution (12 lessons)

Explore managing atmospheric pollution in Environmental Management.

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Carbon Footprint Reduction

Learn effective strategies to measure and reduce your carbon footprint to combat climate change.

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Fossil Fuel Use Reduction

Learn strategies to reduce fossil fuel dependency and explore renewable energy alternatives.

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Energy Efficiency Measures

Learn how energy efficiency measures can reduce atmospheric pollution and combat climate change.

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Carbon Capture and Storage

Explore carbon capture technologies that remove CO2 from emissions and store it underground.

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Transport Policies

Explore transport policies that reduce atmospheric pollution and improve urban air quality.

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International Environmental Agreements

Explore key international treaties that address atmospheric pollution and climate change globally.

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CFC Replacement Technologies

Learn about CFC alternatives that protect the ozone layer while meeting cooling and industrial needs.

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Catalytic Converters

Learn how catalytic converters reduce vehicle emissions and protect air quality through chemical reactions.

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Flue-gas Desulfurisation

Learn how flue-gas desulfurisation systems remove harmful sulfur dioxide from power plant emissions.

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Environmental Taxation

Explore how governments use taxation to reduce atmospheric pollution and promote cleaner practices.

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Reforestation and Afforestation

Learn how reforestation and afforestation help combat atmospheric pollution and restore ecosystems.

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Case Study: Atmospheric Pollution Management

Explore successful strategies and case studies for managing urban atmospheric pollution worldwide.

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Theme 8: Human Population

Human Population Distribution and Density (2 lessons)

Explore human population distribution and density in Environmental Management.

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Global Population Density Patterns

Explore global population distribution patterns and the factors that influence where people live.

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Global Population Distribution

Explore how 8 billion people are distributed globally and the factors influencing settlement patterns.

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Changes in Population Size (4 lessons)

Explore changes in population size in Environmental Management.

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Population Growth Curves

Explore how populations grow over time using J-shaped and S-shaped growth curve models.

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Birth and Death Rates

Explore how birth and death rates influence population dynamics and demographic transitions globally.

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Factors Affecting Birth and Death Rates

Learn how social, economic and healthcare factors influence global birth and death rates.

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Migration Factors and Patterns

Explore how migration influences population dynamics through push-pull factors and global movement patterns.

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Population Structure (1 lessons)

Explore population structure in Environmental Management.

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Population Pyramids in MEDCs and LEDCs

Explore population pyramid structures in MEDCs and LEDCs and their socioeconomic implications.

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