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examBoard: Cambridge
examType: IGCSE
lessonTitle: Domestic Energy Demand
Every time you switch on a light, boil a kettle, or charge your phone, you're contributing to domestic energy demand. This is the energy we use in our homes for heating, cooling, lighting, cooking and powering appliances. As our world becomes more technology-dependent, understanding how we use energy at home has never been more important.
Key Definitions:
In a typical UK home, energy use is distributed approximately as follows:
This distribution varies significantly based on climate, household size and lifestyle.
Homes typically use energy from various sources:
Domestic energy consumption isn't the same everywhere. It varies widely based on several key factors:
Homes in cold climates need more energy for heating, while those in hot regions require more for cooling. The UK's temperate but often chilly climate means heating is our biggest energy demand.
The age, size, design and insulation of a home significantly impact energy use. Older homes with poor insulation can use up to 3 times more energy for heating than modern, well-insulated ones.
More people typically means more energy use, but behaviour matters too. Simple habits like turning off lights or setting thermostats lower can reduce energy consumption by 10-15%.
Wealthier households tend to use more energy due to larger homes and more appliances, though they may also invest more in energy-efficient technologies.
The types of appliances and technology available affect energy use. Modern, energy-efficient appliances can use 30-50% less energy than older models.
Energy use fluctuates throughout the year. In the UK, winter months see energy consumption increase by up to 30% compared to summer months.
Domestic energy consumption varies dramatically around the world, reflecting differences in development, climate and lifestyle:
Countries like the UK, USA and Canada have high per-capita domestic energy use:
Different patterns emerge in developing regions:
India represents a fascinating case of changing domestic energy patterns:
This case demonstrates how domestic energy transitions can happen rapidly with the right policies and economic development.
Improving energy efficiency is the most cost-effective way to reduce domestic energy demand while maintaining comfort. Here are key approaches:
Proper insulation in walls, roofs and floors can reduce heating needs by 25-50%. Loft insulation is often the most cost-effective measure, paying for itself in 1-2 years through energy savings.
The EU Energy Label rates appliances from A+++ (most efficient) to G (least efficient). An A+++ rated fridge uses about 80% less electricity than a G-rated model of the same size.
LED bulbs use up to 90% less energy than traditional incandescent bulbs and last 15-25 times longer. Replacing all bulbs in a typical home with LEDs can save around £40 per year.
Beyond efficiency, there are several ways households can make their energy use more sustainable:
Households can generate their own clean energy:
A typical 4kW solar PV system in the UK can generate about 3,400 kWh per year, covering roughly 30% of an average household's electricity needs.
Digital technology is revolutionising home energy management:
Studies show that households with smart meters and displays typically reduce their energy consumption by 5-15%.
The Passivhaus (Passive House) standard represents the gold standard for energy-efficient homes:
This approach shows how dramatic reductions in domestic energy demand are possible with thoughtful design and construction.
Looking ahead, several trends will shape how we use energy in our homes:
Understanding domestic energy demand isn't just about passing exams it's about preparing for a future where energy use will need to be smarter, cleaner and more efficient. The choices we make in our homes today will help shape the energy system of tomorrow.
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