Cambridge IGCSE Geography
View Course TimetableTheme 1: Changing River Environments
Rivers and Drainage Basins (4 lessons)
Explore rivers and drainage basins in Geography.
Rivers and Drainage Basins: Key Features
Learn the key parts of a river, how to measure its channel and calculate discharge.
Start LessonHow Rivers Change Downstream: The Bradshaw Model
Learn how rivers change from source to mouth, and why, using the Bradshaw model.
Start LessonThe Drainage Basin and the Water Cycle
Follow water through a drainage basin and see what speeds up or slows it.
Start LessonRiver Erosion, Transportation and Deposition
How rivers erode, carry and drop material, and where each process matters most.
Unlock Full CourseRiver Landforms (2 lessons)
Explore river landforms in Geography.
Upper Course River Landforms
How V-shaped valleys, spurs, waterfalls, gorges, rapids and potholes form in the upper course.
Unlock Full CourseLower Course River Landforms
How meanders, oxbow lakes, floodplains, levees and deltas form in a river's lower course.
Unlock Full CourseRivers: Opportunities and Hazards (7 lessons)
Explore rivers: opportunities and hazards in Geography.
Living Near Rivers: Opportunities and Hazards
The opportunities and hazards of living near a river, and why people stay despite the risks.
Unlock Full CourseWhy Rivers Flood and What Floods Do
Natural and human causes of river flooding, and the social, economic and environmental impacts of floods.
Unlock Full CourseManaging River Floods
Hard and soft engineering and flood strategies, evaluated for cost, effectiveness and sustainability.
Unlock Full CourseRiver Pollution: Causes and Impacts
Human causes of river pollution, eutrophication, and impacts on people and environment in LICs and HICs
Unlock Full CourseManaging River Pollution
Strategies and techniques for managing river pollution, evaluated for cost, who pays and sustainability.
Unlock Full CourseFlood Example: The Somerset Levels 2014
Learn the causes, impacts and management of the 2013-14 Somerset Levels flood in detail.
Unlock Full CoursePollution Example: The River Ganges
Learn the causes, impacts and management of pollution in the River Ganges in detail.
Unlock Full CourseTheme 2: Changing Coastal Environments
Coastal Processes (2 lessons)
Explore coastal processes in Geography.
Coastal Erosion, Transportation and Longshore Drift
How waves erode, carry and drop material at the coast, including longshore drift.
Unlock Full CourseWaves: Constructive, Destructive and Refraction
How waves form, constructive and destructive waves compared, and wave refraction at headlands and bays.
Unlock Full CourseCoastal Landforms (3 lessons)
Explore coastal landforms in Geography.
Headlands, Bays, Caves, Arches and Stacks
How hard and soft rock shape headlands and bays, and how caves become stacks.
Unlock Full CourseBeaches, Spits, Bars and Sand Dunes
How beaches, spits, bars and sand dunes are built by deposition, in clear steps.
Unlock Full CourseDiscordant and Concordant Coastlines
How rock bands at right angles or parallel to the coast shape headlands, coves and islands.
Unlock Full CourseCoasts: Opportunities and Hazards (8 lessons)
Explore coasts: opportunities and hazards in Geography.
Living on the Coast: Opportunities and Hazards
Why people live by the sea, and the hazards of coastal erosion, flooding and rising seas.
Unlock Full CourseManaging Coasts: Hard and Soft Engineering
How hard and soft engineering protect the coast, with costs, drawbacks and Shoreline Management Plan options.
Unlock Full CourseTropical Storms: Distribution and Impacts
Where tropical storms form, how they are built, and their impacts in LICs and HICs.
Unlock Full CourseManaging Tropical Storms
The four Ps of managing tropical storms: prediction, preparation, planning, protection, and LIC versus HIC differences.
Unlock Full CourseCoral Reefs: Importance, Threats and Protection
Where coral reefs grow, why they matter, what threatens them and how they are protected
Unlock Full CourseMangroves: Importance, Threats and Protection
Where mangroves grow, why they matter, what threatens them and how they are protected
Unlock Full CourseCoastal Example: The Coast of Bangladesh
Learn the causes, impacts and management of coastal erosion and cyclones on the Bangladesh coast.
Unlock Full CourseCoral Reef Example: The Great Barrier Reef
Learn why the Great Barrier Reef matters, what threatens it and how it is managed.
Unlock Full CourseTheme 3: Changing Ecosystems
The Antarctic Ecosystem (2 lessons)
Explore the antarctic ecosystem in Geography.
Antarctica: Location and Climate
Learn where Antarctica is and why its climate is so cold, dry and windy.
Unlock Full CourseAntarctic Life: Food Webs and Adaptations
Learn Antarctic food webs, krill and phytoplankton, and how plants and animals adapt to the cold.
Unlock Full CourseThreats to Antarctica (2 lessons)
Explore threats to antarctica in Geography.
Threats to Antarctica and Their Impacts
Learn the threats to Antarctica and how damage to its ecosystem affects the world.
Unlock Full CourseProtecting Antarctica
Evaluate the treaties, fishing limits, tourism guidelines and surveys that protect Antarctica.
Unlock Full CourseThe Tropical Rainforest Ecosystem (3 lessons)
Explore the tropical rainforest ecosystem in Geography.
Tropical Rainforests: Location and Climate
Learn where tropical rainforests are and why the equatorial climate is hot and wet.
Unlock Full CourseRainforest Layers and Characteristics
The five rainforest layers, biodiversity, tall trees, thin soils and what makes rainforests special.
Unlock Full CourseRainforest Life: Nutrient Cycle and Adaptations
How the rainforest nutrient cycle works and how its plants and animals adapt to survive.
Unlock Full CourseThreats to Tropical Rainforests (3 lessons)
Explore threats to tropical rainforests in Geography.
Threats to Rainforests and the Impacts of Deforestation
Threats to tropical rainforests, how each causes damage, and the impacts of deforestation.
Unlock Full CourseManaging Rainforests Sustainably
Evaluate how logging, parks, certification, finance and monitoring can manage rainforests sustainably.
Unlock Full CourseRainforest Example: The Amazon in Brazil
Learn the Amazon in Brazil: its threats, impacts, management and changing deforestation rates.
Unlock Full CourseTheme 4: Tectonic Hazards
Earth's Structure and Plates (3 lessons)
Explore earth's structure and plates in Geography.
Inside the Earth: Core, Mantle and Crust
Learn the layers of the Earth, the two types of crust and how we know.
Unlock Full CourseTectonic Plates and How They Move
Learn the names and positions of the main plates and how they move.
Unlock Full CourseTypes of Plate Boundary
Learn the four types of plate boundary, real examples, and where earthquakes and volcanoes occur.
Unlock Full CourseEarthquakes and Volcanoes (4 lessons)
Explore earthquakes and volcanoes in Geography.
What Happens at Each Plate Boundary
Learn the step-by-step processes that cause earthquakes and volcanoes at each type of plate boundary.
Unlock Full CourseEarthquakes: Focus, Epicentre and Seismic Waves
Learn focus, epicentre, seismic waves, aftershocks and how seismometers record earthquakes.
Unlock Full CourseTypes of Volcano and Their Features
Learn the three volcano types, how volcanoes are classified, and their main features.
Unlock Full CourseVolcanic Hazards
Learn the seven volcanic hazards, what makes each dangerous, and how to rank them.
Unlock Full CourseImpacts of Tectonic Hazards (3 lessons)
Explore impacts of tectonic hazards in Geography.
Why People Live Near Tectonic Hazards
Why people choose to live near volcanoes and earthquake zones, and how they see the risk.
Unlock Full CourseImpacts of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions
How earthquakes and eruptions harm people and places, and why LICs suffer most
Unlock Full CourseMeasuring Earthquakes and Eruptions
How earthquakes and eruptions are measured, and why size alone does not decide deaths
Unlock Full CourseManaging Tectonic Hazards (4 lessons)
Explore managing tectonic hazards in Geography.
Responses, Monitoring and Prediction
How people respond to earthquakes and eruptions, and how hazards are monitored and predicted
Unlock Full CourseProtection, Planning and Technology
How buildings, planning, drills and warning technology reduce deaths from earthquakes and eruptions, evaluated
Unlock Full CourseEarthquake Example: Nepal 2015
Learn the causes, impacts, responses and management of the 2015 Nepal earthquake.
Unlock Full CourseVolcano Example: Mount Merapi 2010
Learn the causes, impacts, responses and management of the 2010 Mount Merapi eruption.
Unlock Full CourseTheme 5: Climate Change
Causes of Climate Change (3 lessons)
Explore causes of climate change in Geography.
Evidence for Climate Change
How temperature records, ice cores, sea ice and old writing show climate change.
Unlock Full CourseNatural Causes of Climate Change
How orbital changes, sunspots and volcanoes change climate, and why they cannot explain recent warming.
Unlock Full CourseHumans and the Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
How human activity adds greenhouse gases and strengthens the greenhouse effect, causing global warming.
Unlock Full CourseImpacts of Climate Change (1 lessons)
Explore impacts of climate change in Geography.
Impacts of Climate Change Now and in the Future
The present day and predicted future impacts of climate change on people, economies and the environment.
Unlock Full CourseResponses to Climate Change (3 lessons)
Explore responses to climate change in Geography.
Managing Climate Change: Agreements and Techniques
Mitigation and adaptation, international agreements, national plans and the techniques used to manage climate change.
Unlock Full CourseMitigation or Adaptation: Evaluating Responses
How successful climate agreements are, and the strengths and weaknesses of mitigation and adaptation.
Unlock Full CourseClimate Change Example: The Maldives
The Maldives as a detailed climate change example: vulnerability, impacts, responses, strategies and evaluation.
Unlock Full CourseTheme 6: Changing Populations
Population Growth and Decline (4 lessons)
Explore population growth and decline in Geography.
World Population Growth
How world population grew, where growth is fastest, and how to describe graphs.
Unlock Full CourseWhy Populations Grow and Shrink
Why populations grow or shrink: birth, death, fertility, natural increase and migration, with calculations.
Unlock Full CoursePro-Natalist and Anti-Natalist Policies
Learn how governments encourage or limit births, and evaluate how well these policies work.
Unlock Full CourseThe Demographic Transition Model
Learn the five stages of the demographic transition model and its strengths and limitations.
Unlock Full CoursePopulation Structures (3 lessons)
Explore population structures in Geography.
Population Pyramids and Population Structure
Learn to read, draw and explain population pyramids and calculate the dependency ratio.
Unlock Full CourseYouthful and Ageing Populations
Learn the causes and impacts of youthful and ageing populations and how countries respond.
Unlock Full CoursePopulation Example: China
Learn why China's population grew then fell and the impacts of its one-child policy.
Unlock Full CourseInternational Migration (4 lessons)
Explore international migration in Geography.
Types of Migrant and Why People Migrate
Learn the types of migrant and the push, pull and obstacle factors behind migration.
Unlock Full CourseImpacts of International Migration
Learn the social, economic and environmental impacts of migration on migrants, origin and destination countries.
Unlock Full CourseManaging International Migration
Evaluate visas, quotas, border controls, refugee resettlement, integration and aid as ways of managing migration.
Unlock Full CourseMigration Example: Mexico to the USA
Detailed example of Mexico to USA migration: push and pull factors, impacts and management.
Unlock Full CourseTheme 7: Changing Towns and Cities
Where People Live (2 lessons)
Explore where people live in Geography.
Urban Growth Around the World
Defines urbanisation and urban growth, the global trend, why growth rates vary and megacities.
Unlock Full CourseWhy Cities in LICs Grow So Fast
Why LIC cities grow fast: rural to urban migration, push and pull factors, and natural increase.
Unlock Full CourseOpportunities and Challenges of Urbanisation (3 lessons)
Explore opportunities and challenges of urbanisation in Geography.
Opportunities of Urban Living
Learn the opportunities of urban living and how they differ between HIC and LIC cities.
Unlock Full CourseChallenges of Rapid Urban Growth
Learn the challenges and opportunities of rapid urban growth, from housing and jobs to unplanned settlements.
Unlock Full CourseUrban Sprawl and the Rural-Urban Fringe
Learn why cities sprawl, what it does to the rural-urban fringe, and how it is controlled.
Unlock Full CourseManaging Urban Growth (2 lessons)
Explore managing urban growth in Geography.
Managing Urban Growth Sustainably
How cities manage growth: housing schemes, new towns, transport, smart cities and what sustainable means
Unlock Full CourseUrban Example: Mumbai
A detailed case study of Mumbai: causes, challenges, Dharavi and how its growth is managed
Unlock Full CourseTheme 8: Development
Measuring Development (3 lessons)
Explore measuring development in Geography.
Indicators of Development
Learn what development means and how GDP, GNI, life expectancy and the HDI measure it
Unlock Full CourseComparing Countries with Development Indicators
Compare countries using development indicators, spot correlations and judge how useful indicators and the HDI are
Unlock Full CourseQuality of Life and Standard of Living
Learn the difference between standard of living and quality of life and the factors affecting each
Unlock Full CourseUneven Development (2 lessons)
Explore uneven development in Geography.
Why Development Is Uneven
Learn why countries develop unevenly, from social and economic factors to the cycle of poverty
Unlock Full CourseThe Global Pattern of LICs, MICs and HICs
Learn how the World Bank groups countries and where LICs, MICs and HICs are found
Unlock Full CourseSustainable Development (3 lessons)
Explore sustainable development in Geography.
Sustainable Development Strategies
Learn what sustainable development means and the strategies and techniques used to achieve it
Unlock Full CourseTrade, Aid and Debt Relief
Evaluate trade, aid and debt relief as ways to reduce uneven development between countries
Unlock Full CourseDevelopment Example: Ethiopia
A detailed case study of Ethiopia: causes of low development and strategies to raise it, evaluated
Unlock Full CourseTheme 9: Changing Economies
Changing Employment Structures (3 lessons)
Explore changing employment structures in Geography.
Types of Industry: Primary to Quaternary
The four types of industry, how one product links them, and employment structure
Unlock Full CourseHow Employment Structures Change
How employment moves from primary to tertiary as countries develop, and the Clark-Fisher model
Unlock Full CourseWhere Industries Locate and Why
Why industries locate where they do: land, labour, raw materials, transport, politics, technology and containerisation
Unlock Full CourseGlobalisation and TNCs (5 lessons)
Explore globalisation and tncs in Geography.
Globalisation and Its Key Features
What globalisation is, its key features, international organisations and the factors that have driven it
Unlock Full CourseImpacts of Globalisation
The positive and negative impacts of globalisation on trade, transport, culture, communications and technology
Unlock Full CourseTransnational Corporations
What TNCs are, how they are organised, why they locate abroad, and how big
Unlock Full CourseEvaluating the Impacts of TNCs
The advantages and disadvantages TNCs bring to host countries, and how to judge them
Unlock Full CourseGlobalisation Example: Samsung in Vietnam
Detailed example of Vietnam's globalisation and the impacts of Samsung, with evaluation
Unlock Full CourseTourism (5 lessons)
Explore tourism in Geography.
Why Tourism Has Grown
Why tourism has grown: incomes, time, transport, technology, new types, and global arrival trends
Unlock Full CourseThe Butler Model
The stages of the Butler model, what changes at each, Benidorm, and its strengths and limitations
Unlock Full CourseBenefits and Problems of Tourism
The benefits and problems of tourism at local, regional, national and global scales, with examples
Unlock Full CourseManaging Tourism Sustainably
What sustainable tourism and ecotourism mean, and how to evaluate strategies used to manage tourism
Unlock Full CourseTourism Example: Kenya
Learn Kenya's tourism growth, benefits, problems and sustainable management, evaluated like a 6-mark exam answer.
Unlock Full CourseTheme 10: Resource Provision
Food Production (2 lessons)
Explore food production in Geography.
Types of Farming
Learn subsistence, commercial, arable, pastoral, mixed, intensive, extensive and soil-free farming types with examples.
Unlock Full CourseFarming as a System
Learn how a farm works as a system of inputs, processes, outputs and feedback.
Unlock Full CourseFood Supply and Demand (4 lessons)
Explore food supply and demand in Geography.
Global Patterns of Calorie Intake
Learn where calorie intake is high and low worldwide, and why it varies.
Unlock Full CourseChanging Food Production and Consumption
Learn why global food production and consumption have changed, and how to describe trends from graphs.
Unlock Full CourseIncreasing Food Supply
Evaluate the strategies used to increase food supply, from GM crops to cutting food waste.
Unlock Full CourseThe Globalisation of Food
Explore why food now travels worldwide and weigh up its benefits and costs.
Unlock Full CourseChallenges of Food Supply (4 lessons)
Explore challenges of food supply in Geography.
Threats to Food Supply and Food Insecurity
Learn the natural and human threats to food supply and the problems caused by food insecurity.
Unlock Full CourseEvaluating Food Aid
Evaluate the types, givers, advantages and disadvantages of food aid, and the alternatives.
Unlock Full CourseManaging Desertification and Soil Erosion
Evaluate how desertification and soil erosion are managed, including the Great Green Wall and zai pits.
Unlock Full CourseFood Example: Malawi
Malawi food supply example: factors, causes, problems and strategies, evaluated like a 6-mark exam answer.
Unlock Full CourseEnergy Production (1 lessons)
Explore energy production in Geography.
Types of Energy
Renewable and non-renewable energy types, how each makes electricity or heat, fuelwood, global energy mix.
Unlock Full CourseEnergy Supply and Demand (2 lessons)
Explore energy supply and demand in Geography.
Rising Energy Demand and Energy Security
Why global energy demand is rising, energy surplus and deficit countries, and why energy security matters.
Unlock Full CourseWhy Energy Mixes Vary
What an energy mix is and why it varies within and between countries.
Unlock Full CourseImpacts of Energy Production (4 lessons)
Explore impacts of energy production in Geography.
Non-Renewable Energy: Pros and Cons
Advantages and disadvantages of coal, oil, gas, nuclear power and fuelwood: social, economic, environmental.
Unlock Full CourseRenewable Energy: Pros and Cons
Pros and cons of wind, solar, HEP, tidal, wave, geothermal and biomass energy
Unlock Full CourseIncreasing and Managing Energy Supplies
How countries increase energy supplies and manage demand, and how to evaluate each strategy
Unlock Full CourseEnergy Example: Germany
Germany as a detailed energy example: its mix, impacts and strategies, with a clear evaluation
Unlock Full CourseTheme 11: Geographical Skills
Cartographic Skills (3 lessons)
Explore cartographic skills in Geography.
Grid References, Directions and Distance
Read maps with key and scale, give grid references and bearings, measure distance and area
Unlock Full CourseContours, Gradient and Cross-Sections
Read contours and spot heights, calculate gradient, and draw cross-sections and transects
Unlock Full CourseTypes of Map
Learn the main map types, how to read them, and how to describe a pattern
Unlock Full CourseGraphical Skills (3 lessons)
Explore graphical skills in Geography.
Drawing and Reading Graphs
Learn to choose, draw and read common graphs and describe a trend with data
Unlock Full CourseClimate Graphs, Hydrographs, Kite Graphs and Rose Charts
Learn to draw, read and describe climate graphs, hydrographs, kite graphs and rose charts
Unlock Full CourseTriangular Graphs, Proportional Symbols and Diagrams
Learn to read triangular graphs, radial graphs, proportional symbols, flow, systems and Venn diagrams.
Unlock Full CourseGIS and Image Skills (1 lessons)
Explore gis and image skills in Geography.
Photographs, Satellite Images and GIS
Read photos, satellite images and sources, spot bias, and use GIS layers to solve problems.
Unlock Full CourseMathematical Skills (2 lessons)
Explore mathematical skills in Geography.
Maths for Geography: Number, Scale and Percentages
Use maths in geography: scale and area, standard notation, ratio, percentages and percentage change.
Unlock Full CourseStatistics for Geography: Averages, Trends and Conclusions
Work out averages and range, describe trends, draw best fit lines, judge data.
Unlock Full CourseFieldwork Skills (2 lessons)
Explore fieldwork skills in Geography.
Fieldwork Equipment and Physical Techniques
Choose and use fieldwork equipment, physical techniques and risk assessments to work safely outdoors.
Unlock Full CourseHuman Fieldwork Techniques
Learn human fieldwork techniques: surveys, counts, interviews, land use and how to delimit the CBD.
Unlock Full CourseTheme 12: Exam Skills and Geographical Investigations
Exam Technique (1 lessons)
Explore exam technique in Geography.
How the Exams Work and Command Words
How the three Cambridge Geography papers work, what examiners reward and what command words mean.
Unlock Full CourseGeographical Investigations (3 lessons)
Explore geographical investigations in Geography.
The Route to Geographical Enquiry
Seven stages of a geographical investigation, how Paper 4 works and writing hypotheses.
Unlock Full CourseCollecting Data for an Investigation
Plan fieldwork data collection: recording sheets, questionnaires, sampling, counts, measurements, accuracy and reliability.
Unlock Full CoursePresenting, Analysing and Evaluating Data
Choose graphs and maps for fieldwork data, analyse results, reach conclusions and evaluate an investigation.
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