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Pearson Edexcel IGCSE Biology

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Theme 1: The Nature and Variety of Living Organisms

Characteristics of Living Organisms (4 lessons)

Explore characteristics of living organisms in Biology.

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Requirements of Living Organisms

Explore the seven essential requirements all living organisms need for survival and growth.

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Life Processes and Functions

Explore the seven life processes that define living organisms and their essential functions.

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Growth and Development in Organisms

Explore growth patterns, cellular processes and factors affecting development in living organisms.

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Homeostasis and Control Systems

Explore how the body maintains stable internal conditions through homeostatic control systems.

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Variety of Living Organisms (8 lessons)

Explore variety of living organisms in Biology.

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Classification of Eukaryotes

Explore the five-kingdom classification system and learn how to identify different eukaryotic organisms.

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Plant Characteristics and Examples

Explore plant characteristics, classification and adaptations across major plant groups.

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Animal Characteristics and Examples

Explore animal classification, characteristics and adaptations across vertebrate and invertebrate groups.

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Fungi Structure and Nutrition

Explore fungal structure, saprophytic nutrition and ecological roles as decomposers in ecosystems.

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Protoctist Diversity

Explore the diverse world of protoctists, from algae to protozoa and their ecological roles.

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Prokaryotic Organisms - Bacteria

Explore bacterial structure, reproduction and their roles in disease and beneficial applications.

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Viral Structure and Characteristics

Explore viral structure, replication cycles and why viruses exist between living and non-living worlds.

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Pathogens and Disease

Explore how pathogens cause disease and how our bodies fight against these microscopic invaders.

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Theme 2: Cell Structure and Organisation

Levels of Organisation (3 lessons)

Explore levels of organisation in Biology.

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Organelles to Systems

Explore how living organisms are structured from tiny organelles to complex organ systems.

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Tissue Organisation

Explore how cells organise into tissues and their specialised functions in living organisms.

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Organ Systems Overview

Explore how cells form tissues, organs and systems that work together to maintain life.

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Cell Structure (11 lessons)

Explore cell structure in Biology.

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Cell Components and Functions

Explore cell components and their functions in plant and animal cells at the microscopic level.

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Nucleus and Genetic Material

Explore the nucleus structure, DNA organisation and how genetic material controls cell function.

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Cytoplasm and Organelles

Explore the cytoplasm and specialized organelles that perform vital functions within cells.

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Cell Membranes and Walls

Explore cell membrane structure, transport mechanisms and plant cell walls in living organisms.

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Mitochondria and Energy

Explore mitochondrial structure and function in cellular energy production through ATP synthesis.

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Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis

Explore chloroplast structure and how plants convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis.

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Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis

Explore how ribosomes read genetic code to build proteins essential for cell function.

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Vacuoles and Storage

Explore how vacuoles function as storage organelles in plant and animal cells.

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Plant vs Animal Cell Differences

Explore the key structural and functional differences between plant and animal cells.

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Cell Differentiation

Explore how cells specialise for specific functions through the process of differentiation.

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Stem Cells in Medicine

Learn how stem cells work and their revolutionary applications in modern medicine.

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Biological Molecules (10 lessons)

Explore biological molecules in Biology.

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Chemical Elements in Life

Discover the essential chemical elements that form all living organisms and their biological roles.

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Carbohydrate Structure

Explore the structure and functions of carbohydrates from simple sugars to complex polysaccharides.

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Protein Structure and Amino Acids

Explore protein structure from amino acids to complex 3D shapes and their biological functions.

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Lipid Structure and Functions

Explore lipid structures, functions and their vital roles in energy storage and cell membranes.

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Food Testing Practical

Learn how to perform and interpret tests for carbohydrates, proteins and lipids in food samples.

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Enzymes as Biological Catalysts

Explore how enzymes function as biological catalysts and their importance in living organisms.

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Temperature Effects on Enzymes

Explore how temperature affects enzyme activity, denaturation and biological processes in living organisms.

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Enzyme Temperature Practical

Investigate how temperature affects enzyme activity through hands-on practical experiments.

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pH Effects on Enzymes

Learn how pH affects enzyme structure, function and activity in biological systems.

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Enzyme pH Practical

Investigate how pH affects enzyme activity through practical experiments with catalase and hydrogen peroxide.

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Movement of Substances (6 lessons)

Explore movement of substances in Biology.

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Diffusion Processes

Explore how substances move through diffusion, osmosis and active transport in living organisms.

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Osmosis and Water Movement

Explore how water moves across cell membranes through osmosis and its biological importance.

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Active Transport Mechanisms

Explore how cells use energy to transport substances against concentration gradients via active transport.

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Factors Affecting Movement Rates

Explore the key factors that control how quickly substances move in biological systems.

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Surface Area to Volume Ratio

Explore how surface area to volume ratio affects cell size and organism structure.

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Diffusion and Osmosis Practical

Learn how to conduct and interpret diffusion and osmosis practical experiments for IGCSE Biology.

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Theme 3: Plant Biology

Plant Nutrition (8 lessons)

Explore plant nutrition in Biology.

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Photosynthesis Process

Explore how plants convert sunlight into food through the photosynthesis process and its limiting factors.

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Photosynthesis Equations

Learn the word and chemical equations for photosynthesis and how they apply to plant nutrition.

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Limiting Factors in Photosynthesis

Explore how light, temperature and CO₂ limit photosynthesis rates in plants.

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Leaf Structure and Adaptations

Explore leaf structure and adaptations for efficient photosynthesis, gas exchange and survival in various environments.

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Mineral Requirements

Discover how plants obtain and use essential minerals for healthy growth and development.

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Magnesium and Chlorophyll

Explore the vital role of magnesium in chlorophyll formation and plant photosynthesis

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Nitrates and Amino Acids

Explore how plants use nitrates to create amino acids for essential protein synthesis and growth.

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Photosynthesis Practical

Investigate photosynthesis through practical experiments measuring oxygen production and testing for starch.

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Plant Transport (7 lessons)

Explore plant transport in Biology.

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Need for Transport Systems

Explore why plants need transport systems and how xylem and phloem function together.

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Phloem and Translocation

Learn how phloem tissue transports sugars through plants via the pressure flow mechanism.

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Xylem and Water Transport

Explore how xylem tissue transports water from roots to leaves against gravity in plants.

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Root Hair Cell Absorption

Discover how root hair cells absorb water and minerals from soil through specialized adaptations.

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Transpiration Process

Explore how plants lose water through transpiration and the factors affecting this vital process.

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Factors Affecting Transpiration

Explore how environmental factors affect plant water loss through transpiration and leaf adaptations.

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Transpiration Rate Practical

Learn how to measure and investigate factors affecting plant transpiration using a potometer.

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Plant Gas Exchange (6 lessons)

Explore plant gas exchange in Biology.

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Diffusion in Gas Exchange

Learn how plants exchange gases through diffusion and the role of stomata in this vital process.

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Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Exchange

Explore how plants exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through specialized leaf structures and processes.

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Leaf Adaptations for Gas Exchange

Explore how leaves are specially adapted for efficient gas exchange and photosynthesis.

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Stomata Function

Learn how stomata control gas exchange in plants and respond to environmental factors.

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Day and Night Gas Exchange

Explore how plants exchange gases differently during day and night through stomatal regulation.

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Gas Exchange Practical

Learn how to design, conduct and analyse practical experiments investigating plant gas exchange processes.

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Plant Excretion (2 lessons)

Explore plant excretion in Biology.

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Waste Products in Plants

Discover how plants manage waste products through storage, recycling and gaseous exchange.

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Stomatal Excretion

Explore how plants control water loss and gas exchange through stomatal regulation.

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Plant Coordination (4 lessons)

Explore plant coordination in Biology.

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Plant Response to Stimuli

Learn how plants respond to environmental stimuli through tropisms and plant hormones.

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Geotropic Responses

Explore how plants detect and respond to gravity through geotropic movements and hormonal changes.

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Phototropic Responses

Explore how plants respond to light direction through auxin-mediated growth movements.

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Auxin and Growth

Explore how auxin coordinates plant growth responses to light and gravity stimuli.

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Plant Reproduction (9 lessons)

Explore plant reproduction in Biology.

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Sexual vs Asexual Reproduction

Learn how plants reproduce through sexual and asexual methods and their ecological advantages.

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Insect-Pollinated Flowers

Explore the structure, adaptations and ecological importance of insect-pollinated flowers in plant reproduction.

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Wind-Pollinated Flowers

Explore adaptations and characteristics of wind-pollinated flowers and their ecological significance.

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Fertilisation and Seed Formation

Explore fertilisation in flowering plants, seed formation, structure and dispersal mechanisms.

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Seed Germination Conditions

Learn how water, oxygen and temperature affect seed germination and dormancy in plants.

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Germination Practical

Learn how to design, conduct and analyse experiments investigating seed germination factors.

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Food Reserves in Seeds

Explore how seeds store and use different food reserves for successful germination and growth.

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Natural Asexual Reproduction

Learn how plants reproduce asexually through runners, rhizomes, bulbs, tubers and other natural methods.

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Artificial Propagation Methods

Learn various artificial plant propagation methods including cuttings, grafting and tissue culture.

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Theme 4: Human Biology

Human Nutrition (15 lessons)

Explore human nutrition in Biology.

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Balanced Diet Components

Explore the essential nutrients needed for a balanced diet and their roles in the body.

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Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids

Learn about the structure, functions and importance of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids in human nutrition.

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Vitamins and Minerals

Discover essential vitamins and minerals, their functions, sources and deficiency diseases.

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Water and Dietary Fibre

Explore the vital roles of water and dietary fibre in human nutrition and digestive health.

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Energy Requirements and Activity

Learn how the body uses energy from food and how activity affects energy requirements.

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Alimentary Canal Structure

Explore the structure and functions of the human digestive system from mouth to anus.

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Peristalsis and Food Movement

Explore how peristalsis moves food through the digestive system and its importance in nutrition.

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Digestive Enzymes

Explore how digestive enzymes break down food molecules into absorbable nutrients in the body.

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Amylase and Carbohydrate Digestion

Learn how amylase breaks down carbohydrates during digestion and its role in human nutrition.

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Proteases and Protein Digestion

Learn how proteases break down proteins into amino acids during the digestive process.

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Lipases and Fat Digestion

Explore how lipases and bile work together to digest and absorb dietary fats in the body.

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Bile Production and Function

Explore bile production in the liver, its composition and crucial role in fat digestion and absorption.

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Small Intestine Adaptations

Explore the specialised adaptations of the small intestine for efficient nutrient absorption and digestion.

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Villus Structure

Explore the structure and function of villi for efficient nutrient absorption in the small intestine.

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Food Energy Content Practical

Learn how to measure and calculate the energy content of different food samples using calorimetry.

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Human Respiration (6 lessons)

Explore human respiration in Biology.

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Respiration and ATP Production

Explore how cells release energy from food through respiration and ATP production processes.

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ATP and Cellular Energy

Discover how ATP stores, transfers and releases energy to power all cellular processes.

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Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration

Learn how cells release energy through aerobic and anaerobic respiration processes in different conditions.

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Aerobic Respiration Equations

Learn the chemical equation for aerobic respiration and how energy is released from glucose

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Anaerobic Respiration Equations

Learn the chemical equations and processes of anaerobic respiration in different organisms.

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Respiration Practical

Learn how to investigate human respiration through practical experiments and data analysis techniques.

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Human Gas Exchange (7 lessons)

Explore human gas exchange in Biology.

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Thorax Structure

Explore the structure and function of the human thorax in breathing and gas exchange.

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Breathing Mechanisms

Explore how the diaphragm and intercostal muscles create pressure changes for breathing.

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Intercostal Muscles and Diaphragm

Learn how intercostal muscles and the diaphragm work together to enable breathing and gas exchange.

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Alveolar Adaptations

Explore the specialized structure of alveoli and how they maximize efficient gas exchange in the lungs.

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Gas Exchange by Diffusion

Explore how gases move between air and blood through diffusion in the lungs' alveoli.

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Smoking Effects on Health

Explore the harmful effects of smoking on the respiratory system and overall health.

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Breathing Investigation Practical

Learn how to design, conduct and analyse a practical investigation into breathing rates during exercise.

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Human Transport (17 lessons)

Explore human transport in Biology.

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Unicellular vs Multicellular Transport

Learn how transport systems differ between single-celled and complex multicellular organisms.

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Blood Composition

Explore blood composition, cell types and their roles in transport and immunity.

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Red Blood Cell Adaptations

Explore how red blood cells are specially adapted for efficient oxygen transport throughout the body.

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Plasma Transport Functions

Explore how blood plasma transports nutrients, hormones and waste products throughout the body.

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White Blood Cells and Immunity

Explore white blood cell types and how they defend the body against pathogens through immunity.

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Phagocytes and Pathogens

Learn how phagocytes identify, engulf and destroy pathogens as part of the immune response.

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Lymphocytes and Antibodies

Learn how lymphocytes and antibodies work together to defend the body against pathogens and disease.

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Vaccination and Memory Cells

Learn how vaccines train your immune system to create memory cells for disease protection.

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Platelets and Blood Clotting

Explore platelets' structure and function in blood clotting and haemostasis processes.

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Heart Structure

Explore the four-chambered heart structure and how it functions as a double pump system.

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Heart Function and Pumping

Explore the structure of the heart and how it functions as a double pump system.

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Heart Rate and Exercise

Explore how heart rate responds to exercise and why these changes occur in the body.

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Adrenaline Effects

Explore how adrenaline affects the cardiovascular system and triggers the fight-or-flight response.

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Coronary Heart Disease

Learn about coronary heart disease, its causes, symptoms, treatments and prevention strategies.

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Blood Vessel Structure

Explore the specialized structures of arteries, veins and capillaries in the human circulatory system.

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Arteries, Veins and Capillaries

Learn about the structure and function of arteries, veins and capillaries in human circulation.

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Circulation System Overview

Explore the structure and function of the human circulatory system and blood transport.

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Human Excretion (9 lessons)

Explore human excretion in Biology.

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Excretory Organs

Explore the structure and function of human excretory organs and their waste removal processes.

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Kidney Structure and Function

Explore kidney structure and function in human excretion, including filtration and urine formation.

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Urinary System Structure

Explore the structure and function of the human urinary system and kidney anatomy.

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Nephron Structure

Explore the detailed structure of nephrons and how they filter blood in the kidneys.

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Ultrafiltration Process

Explore the kidney's ultrafiltration process and how nephrons filter blood to form urine.

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Water Reabsorption

Explore how kidneys regulate body water through selective reabsorption in the nephron tubules.

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Glucose Reabsorption

Learn how kidneys filter and reabsorb glucose to maintain blood sugar balance and prevent waste.

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ADH and Water Regulation

Learn how ADH regulates water balance in the body through kidney function and feedback mechanisms.

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Urine Composition

Explore urine components, kidney filtration and how urine tests diagnose health conditions.

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Human Coordination (16 lessons)

Explore human coordination in Biology.

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Response to Environmental Changes

Explore how humans detect environmental changes and respond through nervous and hormonal systems.

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Homeostasis Principles

Learn how the body maintains stability through homeostatic control systems and feedback mechanisms.

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Stimulus-Receptor-Effector

Learn how the stimulus-receptor-effector model coordinates responses in the human body.

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Nervous vs Hormonal Control

Explore how nervous and hormonal systems coordinate body responses through different mechanisms.

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Central Nervous System

Explore the structure and function of the brain and spinal cord in coordinating body activities.

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Electrical Impulses

Explore how neurons generate and transmit electrical signals through the nervous system.

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Neurotransmitters at Synapses

Explore how neurotransmitters cross synapses to transmit nerve impulses between neurons.

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Reflex Arc Structure

Explore the structure and function of reflex arcs in human nervous system coordination.

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Eye Structure and Function

Explore the structure of the human eye and how it adapts to focus on objects at different distances.

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Focusing and Light Response

Explore how the human eye focuses on objects and responds to changing light conditions.

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Temperature Regulation

Learn how humans maintain body temperature through skin responses and hypothalamic control.

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Sweating and Vasodilation

Learn how sweating and vasodilation work together to regulate body temperature and maintain homeostasis.

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Hormone Sources and Effects

Explore hormone sources, functions and how they regulate vital body processes and responses.

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Adrenaline and Insulin

Explore how adrenaline and insulin regulate body functions through hormonal coordination systems.

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Sex Hormones

Explore how sex hormones control reproduction, menstruation, pregnancy and fertility in humans.

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ADH, FSH and LH

Explore how ADH regulates water balance and how FSH and LH control reproduction in humans.

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Human Reproduction (6 lessons)

Explore human reproduction in Biology.

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Reproductive System Structure

Explore male and female reproductive anatomy and their functional relationships in human reproduction.

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Menstrual Cycle Hormones

Explore how hormones control the menstrual cycle and prepare the body for pregnancy.

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FSH and LH Roles

Explore how FSH and LH hormones coordinate and regulate human reproductive cycles.

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Placenta Function

Explore how the placenta functions as a vital exchange surface between mother and fetus.

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Amniotic Fluid Protection

Explore how amniotic fluid creates a protective environment essential for healthy fetal development.

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Secondary Sexual Characteristics

Explore male and female puberty changes and the hormones that drive secondary sexual characteristics.

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Theme 5: Genetics and Inheritance

DNA and Protein Synthesis (8 lessons)

Explore dna and protein synthesis in Biology.

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Genome and Gene Structure

Explore DNA structure, genes, chromosomes and how genetic information creates proteins.

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Chromosomes and Genes

Explore the structure of chromosomes, the nature of genes and their role in inheritance.

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DNA Double Helix Structure

Explore DNA's double helix structure, its components and how it stores genetic information.

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RNA Structure

Explore RNA structure, its components and how it differs from DNA in protein synthesis.

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Transcription Process

Explore how DNA information is copied to RNA through the transcription process

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Translation Process

Learn how mRNA is decoded at ribosomes to build proteins from amino acids.

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mRNA, tRNA and Ribosomes

Explore how mRNA, tRNA and ribosomes work together to translate genetic code into proteins.

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Codons and Anticodons

Explore how codons and anticodons translate genetic information into proteins through the genetic code.

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Inheritance Patterns (11 lessons)

Explore inheritance patterns in Biology.

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Alleles and Characteristics

Discover how different versions of genes determine inherited traits and characteristics in organisms.

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Dominant and Recessive Alleles

Learn how dominant and recessive alleles determine inheritance patterns and genetic traits in organisms.

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Homozygous and Heterozygous

Explore homozygous and heterozygous genotypes and how they determine inheritance patterns in organisms.

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Phenotype and Genotype

Explore the relationship between genes and observable traits through inheritance patterns and genetic diagrams.

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Codominance

Explore how codominant alleles are fully expressed together in heterozygous individuals.

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Polygenic Inheritance

Explore how multiple genes create continuous variation in traits like height and skin colour.

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Monohybrid Crosses

Learn to predict offspring traits using Punnett squares and monohybrid inheritance patterns.

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Family Pedigrees

Learn to read family pedigree charts and identify inheritance patterns of genetic traits.

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Probability Calculations

Learn to calculate genetic inheritance probabilities using Punnett squares and probability rules.

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Sex Determination

Learn how sex chromosomes determine gender and influence inheritance patterns in organisms.

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Sex-linked Inheritance

Discover how genes on sex chromosomes create unique inheritance patterns in males and females.

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Cell Division (6 lessons)

Explore cell division in Biology.

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Mitosis Process

Explore the stages of mitosis and its role in growth, repair and reproduction.

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Mitosis in Growth and Repair

Explore how mitosis enables growth and repair in organisms through precise cell division.

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Meiosis Process

Learn how meiosis creates genetic diversity through chromosome reduction and genetic recombination.

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Gamete Formation

Learn how meiosis creates haploid gametes with genetic variation essential for reproduction.

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Genetic Variation from Fertilisation

Discover how fertilisation creates genetic diversity and why variation is essential for species survival.

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Chromosome Numbers

Learn how chromosome numbers change during cell division and their role in inheritance.

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Variation and Evolution (7 lessons)

Explore variation and evolution in Biology.

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Genetic vs Environmental Variation

Explore the differences between genetic and environmental factors in creating biological variation.

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Mutation Types

Explore the types of genetic mutations and their effects on organisms and evolution.

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DNA Changes and Phenotype

Explore how DNA mutations affect protein structure and function, leading to phenotypic changes.

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Mutation Effects on Phenotype

Explore how genetic mutations alter DNA and their effects on organism characteristics and evolution.

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Radiation and Chemical Mutagens

Explore how radiation and chemicals damage DNA, cause mutations and influence evolution and disease.

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Natural Selection Theory

Explore Darwin's theory of natural selection and how it drives species evolution over time.

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Antibiotic Resistance

Explore how bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics through natural selection and genetic adaptation.

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Theme 6: Ecology and Environment

Organisms and Environment (8 lessons)

Explore organisms and environment in Biology.

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Population, Community, Habitat

Explore populations, communities and habitats and how organisms interact within ecosystems.

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Ecosystem Concepts

Explore ecosystem structure, energy flow and nutrient cycles in natural communities.

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Quadrat Sampling Methods

Learn how to use quadrats to sample and estimate plant populations in different habitats.

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Population Size Investigation

Learn techniques to estimate population sizes using quadrats, transects and mark-release-recapture methods.

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Biodiversity Concepts

Explore biodiversity levels, measurement methods, threats and conservation strategies for our planet's life web.

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Distribution Investigation

Learn how to investigate and analyse the distribution patterns of organisms in their habitats.

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Biodiversity Measurement

Learn how to measure and interpret biodiversity using scientific sampling techniques and indices.

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Abiotic and Biotic Factors

Explore how living and non-living factors interact and shape ecosystems and organisms.

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Feeding Relationships (8 lessons)

Explore feeding relationships in Biology.

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Trophic Levels

Explore how energy flows through ecosystems using trophic levels and ecological pyramids.

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Producers and Consumers

Explore how energy flows through ecosystems via producers and different types of consumers.

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Decomposers Role

Explore how decomposers recycle nutrients and maintain ecosystem balance through decay processes.

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Food Chains and Webs

Explore how energy flows through ecosystems via food chains and complex food web relationships.

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Pyramids of Number

Learn how pyramids of number represent organisms at different trophic levels in ecosystems.

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Pyramids of Biomass

Explore how pyramids of biomass represent energy flow and efficiency in ecosystems.

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Energy Transfer

Explore how energy flows through ecosystems and transfers between trophic levels in food chains.

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10% Energy Transfer Rule

Understand how energy transfers between trophic levels and why only 10% moves up food chains.

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Nutrient Cycles (7 lessons)

Explore nutrient cycles in Biology.

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Carbon Cycle Stages

Explore the movement of carbon through Earth's systems in the carbon cycle stages.

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Respiration and Photosynthesis

Explore how respiration and photosynthesis drive nutrient cycles and sustain life on Earth.

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Decomposition and Combustion

Explore how decomposition and combustion drive nutrient cycling in ecosystems and their environmental impacts.

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Nitrogen Cycle Stages

Explore the nitrogen cycle's key stages and their role in ecosystem nutrient recycling.

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Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria

Discover how nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into forms plants can use.

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Nitrifying Bacteria

Discover how nitrifying bacteria transform ammonia into nitrates essential for plant growth

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Denitrifying Bacteria

Learn how denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates to nitrogen gas in the nitrogen cycle.

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Human Environmental Impact (11 lessons)

Explore human environmental impact in Biology.

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Air Pollution Effects

Explore how air pollutants damage human health, ecosystems and contribute to global climate change.

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Sulphur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide

Learn about sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide pollution, their environmental impacts and health effects.

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Greenhouse Gases

Explore greenhouse gases, their sources, impacts on climate and mitigation strategies.

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Human Activities and Emissions

Explore how human activities contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.

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Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

Explore how human activities enhance the greenhouse effect and impact global climate systems.

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Global Warming Consequences

Explore the major consequences of global warming on ecosystems, sea levels and human societies.

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Water Pollution by Sewage

Explore how sewage pollution affects water ecosystems and the methods used to treat it.

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Eutrophication Process

Explore the causes, stages and impacts of eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems.

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Deforestation Effects

Explore the environmental, social and economic impacts of global deforestation and sustainable solutions.

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Soil Erosion and Leaching

Learn about soil erosion and leaching processes, impacts and sustainable management practices.

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Evapotranspiration Changes

Explore how human activities alter evapotranspiration rates and impact water cycles and climate.

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Theme 7: Use of Biological Resources

Food Production (19 lessons)

Explore food production in Biology.

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Glasshouse Crop Production

Learn how glasshouses create controlled environments for year-round crop production with higher yields.

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Polythene Tunnel Benefits

Learn how polythene tunnels create optimal growing conditions and increase crop yields in agriculture.

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Carbon Dioxide Enhancement

Learn how CO₂ enhancement boosts crop yields and improves greenhouse food production

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Temperature Control Effects

Explore how temperature affects microorganisms, enzymes and food production efficiency.

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Fertiliser Use

Learn how fertilisers boost crop yields and their environmental impacts in food production.

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Pest Control Methods

Learn effective pest control methods for sustainable food production in agriculture.

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Pesticide Advantages

Explore the key advantages of pesticides in boosting crop yields and food security.

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Biological Control Methods

Learn how living organisms can control agricultural pests naturally and sustainably.

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Yeast in Bread Production

Explore how yeast fermentation transforms dough into bread through biological processes.

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Anaerobic Respiration Practical

Explore how yeast fermentation works and measure CO₂ production in practical experiments.

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Bacterial Yoghurt Production

Learn how bacteria transform milk into yoghurt through controlled fermentation processes and techniques.

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Industrial Fermenter Design

Learn how industrial fermenters are designed to optimise microbial growth and product yield.

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Aseptic Conditions

Learn how aseptic conditions prevent contamination in food production and biotechnology

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Optimum Growth Conditions

Learn how to create optimal growing conditions for maximising crop yields and food production.

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Fish Farming Methods

Explore various fish farming methods and their environmental impacts on global food security.

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Water Quality Control

Learn how water quality affects food production and methods to monitor and maintain clean water.

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Predation Control

Learn how biological and chemical methods control agricultural pests to protect food production.

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Disease Prevention

Learn how to prevent plant and animal diseases to ensure sustainable food production.

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Feeding Management

Learn how proper feeding management maximizes livestock growth, health and production efficiency.

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Selective Breeding (3 lessons)

Explore selective breeding in Biology.

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Plant Selective Breeding

Learn how humans shape plant characteristics through selective breeding techniques and applications.

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Animal Selective Breeding

Learn how selective breeding enhances desirable traits in animals for human benefit and use.

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Desired Characteristics

Learn how selective breeding develops desired traits in plants and animals for human benefit.

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Genetic Modification (7 lessons)

Explore genetic modification in Biology.

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Restriction Enzymes

Learn how restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sites for genetic engineering applications.

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Ligase Enzymes

Learn how DNA ligase enzymes join DNA fragments to create recombinant DNA in genetic engineering.

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Plasmids and Viruses as Vectors

Learn how plasmids and viruses transfer genes in genetic modification techniques

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Recombinant DNA Transfer

Learn how genes are transferred between organisms using recombinant DNA technology and its applications.

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Human Insulin Production

Learn how bacteria are genetically modified to produce human insulin for diabetes treatment.

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Genetically Modified Plants

Explore how plants are genetically modified and the benefits and concerns of GM crops.

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Transgenic Organisms

Explore how genes are transferred between species to create organisms with new beneficial traits.

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Cloning (9 lessons)

Explore cloning in Biology.

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Micropropagation Process

Learn how plants are cloned in labs through the step-by-step micropropagation process.

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Tissue Culture Techniques

Learn how plant tissue culture enables mass production of identical plants through laboratory cloning techniques.

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Commercial Plant Production

Learn how plants are cloned commercially using tissue culture, cuttings and grafting techniques.

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Identical Plant Advantages

Learn how identical plant cloning provides agricultural and ecological advantages through various techniques.

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Mammalian Cloning Process

Learn the process, techniques and ethical considerations of mammalian cloning through SCNT.

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Nuclear Transfer Techniques

Explore nuclear transfer techniques in cloning, from SCNT to Dolly the sheep's legacy.

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Dolly the Sheep Case Study

Explore the groundbreaking cloning of Dolly the Sheep and its scientific implications.

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Transgenic Animal Production

Learn how scientists create and use animals with foreign DNA for medicine and agriculture.

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Human Protein Production

Learn how genetic engineering enables bacteria to produce human proteins like insulin for medical use.

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Review and Assessment Preparation (2 lessons)

Explore review and assessment preparation in Biology.

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Practical Skills Review

Master essential laboratory skills for conducting and analyzing biological investigations accurately.

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Examination Techniques

Master essential exam techniques to maximise your marks in Biology IGCSE assessments.

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