Pearson Edexcel IGCSE Biology
View Course TimetableTheme 1: The Nature and Variety of Living Organisms
Characteristics of Living Organisms (4 lessons)
Explore characteristics of living organisms in Biology.
The Seven Life Processes
Learn the seven life processes that define all living organisms using MRS GREN
Start LessonNutrition and Respiration Requirements
Learn how living organisms obtain food through nutrition and release energy through respiration processes.
Start LessonGrowth, Movement and Reproduction
Explore how living organisms grow, move and reproduce to survive and continue their species
Start LessonResponse to Environment and Excretion
Learn how living organisms respond to environmental changes and remove toxic waste products
Unlock Full CourseVariety of Living Organisms (12 lessons)
Explore variety of living organisms in Biology.
Introduction to Classification Systems
Learn how scientists organise and classify all living organisms into five kingdoms
Unlock Full CourseEukaryotic Organisms Overview
Explore eukaryotic cell structure, organelles and the four kingdoms of complex organisms
Unlock Full CoursePlant Characteristics and Examples
Learn plant characteristics and explore examples of flowering plants, conifers, ferns and mosses
Unlock Full CourseAnimal Characteristics and Examples
Explore animal classification, vertebrate and invertebrate characteristics and survival adaptations across species.
Unlock Full CourseFungi Characteristics and Nutrition
Learn about fungi characteristics, cell structure, saprotrophic nutrition and ecological roles
Unlock Full CourseProtoctist Diversity
Explore the diverse world of protoctists including algae, protozoa and their ecological roles
Unlock Full CourseProkaryotic Organisms - Bacteria
Learn about bacterial structure, reproduction, beneficial roles and disease-causing effects in ecosystems.
Unlock Full CourseBacterial Structure and Function
Explore bacterial cell structure, reproduction, nutrition and their vital functions in nature
Unlock Full CoursePathogens and Disease
Learn about pathogens, disease transmission, body defences and prevention strategies for health protection.
Unlock Full CourseViruses - Structure and Reproduction
Learn about viral structure, reproduction cycles and how viruses hijack host cells to multiply
Unlock Full CourseViral Diseases and Examples
Learn about viral diseases, their transmission, prevention methods and treatment options
Unlock Full CourseClassification Review and Assessment
Master the five kingdom classification system and learn to identify organism characteristics systematically
Unlock Full CourseLevels of Organisation (4 lessons)
Explore levels of organisation in Biology.
From Cells to Systems
Explore how cells combine to form tissues, organs and organ systems in living organisms.
Unlock Full CourseOrganelles and Cell Structure
Explore organelles, cell structures and how biological organisation creates living systems
Unlock Full CourseTissues and Organs
Learn how cells organise into tissues and organs for efficient biological function
Unlock Full CourseOrgan Systems Integration
Learn how organ systems coordinate and integrate to maintain life and homeostasis
Unlock Full CourseTheme 2: Structure and Functions in Living Organisms
Cell Structure (10 lessons)
Explore cell structure in Biology.
Cell Theory and Basic Structure
Discover cell theory principles and basic structures that form all living organisms
Unlock Full CourseNucleus and Genetic Material
Explore nucleus structure, DNA organisation, chromosomes, genes and genetic material control mechanisms
Unlock Full CourseCytoplasm and Cell Membrane
Learn how cytoplasm and cell membranes work together to control cellular functions
Unlock Full CourseMitochondria and Energy Production
Learn how mitochondria produce ATP energy through cellular respiration in different cell types
Unlock Full CourseChloroplasts and Photosynthesis
Learn how chloroplasts capture sunlight to make glucose and oxygen through photosynthesis
Unlock Full CourseRibosomes and Protein Synthesis
Learn how ribosomes read genetic instructions to build essential proteins in cells
Unlock Full CourseVacuoles and Cell Walls
Learn how vacuoles store materials and cell walls provide structural support in plants
Unlock Full CoursePlant vs Animal Cell Differences
Compare plant and animal cell structures, organelles and their specific functions
Unlock Full CourseCell Differentiation and Specialisation
Learn how cells differentiate and specialise to perform specific functions in organisms
Unlock Full CourseStem Cells in Medicine
Explore how stem cells work and their revolutionary applications in modern medicine
Unlock Full CourseBiological Molecules (12 lessons)
Explore biological molecules in Biology.
Elements in Biological Molecules
Explore the essential elements that form biological molecules and their vital roles in living organisms
Unlock Full CourseCarbohydrate Structure and Function
Learn about carbohydrate structure, from simple sugars to complex polysaccharides and their biological functions
Unlock Full CourseProtein Structure from Amino Acids
Learn how amino acids join together to form proteins with specific structures and functions
Unlock Full CourseLipid Structure and Composition
Learn about lipid structure, fatty acids, glycerol and their biological functions
Unlock Full CourseFood Tests - Glucose and Starch
Learn to test foods for glucose using Benedict's reagent and starch using iodine solution
Unlock Full CourseFood Tests - Protein and Fats
Learn to test foods for proteins and fats using biuret and emulsion tests
Unlock Full CourseEnzymes as Biological Catalysts
Learn how enzymes speed up vital chemical reactions and their role in biological processes
Unlock Full CourseEnzyme Structure and Active Sites
Learn how enzyme structure and active sites determine function and specificity in biological systems.
Unlock Full CourseTemperature Effects on Enzymes
Learn how temperature affects enzyme activity, optimum conditions and denaturation processes
Unlock Full CourseTemperature Practical Investigation
Investigate how temperature affects enzyme activity through controlled practical experiments and data analysis.
Unlock Full CoursepH Effects on Enzyme Function
Explore how pH changes affect enzyme structure, activity and the importance of optimum conditions.
Unlock Full CoursepH Practical Investigation
Learn to measure pH accurately and investigate how acidity affects biological processes
Unlock Full CourseMovement of Substances (8 lessons)
Explore movement of substances in Biology.
Diffusion Principles and Examples
Learn how particles move by diffusion and see real examples in living organisms.
Unlock Full CourseOsmosis in Living Systems
Learn how osmosis moves water through membranes in plant and animal cells
Unlock Full CourseActive Transport Mechanisms
Learn how cells use energy to transport substances against concentration gradients through active mechanisms
Unlock Full CourseFactors Affecting Movement Rates
Learn how temperature, surface area, concentration gradients and distance affect biological movement rates
Unlock Full CourseSurface Area to Volume Ratios
Explore how surface area to volume ratios affect substance movement in organisms
Unlock Full CoursePractical Investigation - Diffusion
Learn to design and conduct practical investigations exploring how diffusion works in living systems
Unlock Full CoursePractical Investigation - Osmosis
Learn practical methods to investigate osmosis using potato chips and visking tubing experiments.
Unlock Full CourseTransport Summary and Applications
Learn how transport systems work in living organisms and their practical applications in medicine and agriculture.
Unlock Full CourseNutrition - Plants (10 lessons)
Explore nutrition - plants in Biology.
Photosynthesis Process Overview
Learn how plants convert sunlight, water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen through photosynthesis.
Unlock Full CoursePhotosynthesis Word and Symbol Equations
Learn photosynthesis word and symbol equations, reactants, products and their vital role in life
Unlock Full CourseFactors Limiting Photosynthesis Rate
Learn how light, carbon dioxide and temperature limit photosynthesis rates in plants
Unlock Full CourseLeaf Structure Adaptations
Explore how leaf structures are perfectly adapted for photosynthesis and environmental survival
Unlock Full CourseMineral Requirements for Growth
Learn essential minerals plants need for growth and how deficiencies affect plant health
Unlock Full CourseMagnesium and Chlorophyll Formation
Learn how magnesium forms the heart of chlorophyll molecules enabling plant photosynthesis
Unlock Full CourseNitrates and Amino Acid Production
Learn how plants absorb soil nitrates and convert them into amino acids for protein synthesis
Unlock Full CoursePhotosynthesis Practical - Oxygen Evolution
Investigate oxygen production in aquatic plants to demonstrate photosynthesis rates
Unlock Full CoursePhotosynthesis Practical - Starch Production
Learn to test leaves for starch production using iodine to prove photosynthesis occurs
Unlock Full CourseLight and Carbon Dioxide Requirements
Learn how plants use light energy and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and nutrition
Unlock Full CourseNutrition - Humans (12 lessons)
Explore nutrition - humans in Biology.
Balanced Diet Components
Learn about the seven essential nutrients needed for a healthy balanced diet and growth
Unlock Full CourseCarbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids
Learn about carbohydrates, proteins and lipids - their structures, functions and importance in human nutrition
Unlock Full CourseVitamins A, C and D Functions
Learn how vitamins A, C and D support vision, immunity and bone health
Unlock Full CourseMineral Ions - Calcium and Iron
Learn how calcium builds strong bones and iron transports oxygen throughout your body
Unlock Full CourseWater and Dietary Fibre Importance
Learn why water and dietary fibre are essential nutrients for human health and survival
Unlock Full CourseEnergy Requirements and Activity
Learn how human energy requirements vary with age, gender, activity levels and environmental factors.
Unlock Full CourseAlimentary Canal Structure
Learn the structure and function of the human alimentary canal and digestive processes
Unlock Full CourseDigestive System Organs
Learn about digestive system organs, their structure, function and role in breaking down food.
Unlock Full CoursePeristalsis and Food Movement
Learn how peristalsis moves food through your digestive system using coordinated muscle waves
Unlock Full CourseDigestive Enzymes and Functions
Learn how digestive enzymes break down food into nutrients your body can absorb and use
Unlock Full CourseBile Production and Function
Learn how bile production and function helps your body digest fats effectively
Unlock Full CourseSmall Intestine Absorption Adaptations
Discover how the small intestine maximises nutrient absorption through villi and surface area adaptations
Unlock Full CourseRespiration (8 lessons)
Explore respiration in Biology.
ATP Production in Living Organisms
Learn how living organisms produce ATP through aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration processes
Unlock Full CourseATP as Energy Currency
Discover how ATP functions as the universal energy currency powering all cellular processes
Unlock Full CourseAerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration
Learn how cells produce energy through aerobic and anaerobic respiration pathways
Unlock Full CourseAerobic Respiration Equations
Learn the word and chemical equations for aerobic respiration and understand cellular energy production
Unlock Full CourseAnaerobic Respiration in Plants and Animals
Learn how plants and animals produce energy without oxygen through anaerobic respiration
Unlock Full CoursePractical Investigation - Respiration
Investigate aerobic and anaerobic respiration using respirometers and measuring gas exchange rates
Unlock Full CourseCarbon Dioxide and Heat Production
Learn how cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide and heat as essential waste products.
Unlock Full CourseRespiration in Different Organisms
Learn how plants, animals and microorganisms carry out respiration in different ways
Unlock Full CourseGas Exchange - Plants (6 lessons)
Explore gas exchange - plants in Biology.
Diffusion in Gas Exchange
Learn how plants exchange gases through diffusion and stomatal control mechanisms
Unlock Full CourseCarbon Dioxide and Oxygen Exchange
Learn how plants exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen through stomata during photosynthesis and respiration
Unlock Full CourseLeaf Structure for Gas Exchange
Discover how leaf structure enables efficient gas exchange through stomata and specialised tissues
Unlock Full CourseStomata Function and Control
Learn how plant stomata open and close to control gas exchange and water loss
Unlock Full CourseDay and Night Gas Exchange
Learn how plants exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide differently during day and night cycles
Unlock Full CoursePractical Investigation - Gas Exchange
Investigate oxygen production, carbon dioxide uptake and stomatal function in plant gas exchange experiments
Unlock Full CourseGas Exchange - Humans (6 lessons)
Explore gas exchange - humans in Biology.
Thorax Structure and Components
Learn about ribcage, diaphragm, intercostal muscles and airways in human thorax structure
Unlock Full CourseVentilation Mechanism
Learn how breathing muscles create pressure changes to move air in and out of lungs
Unlock Full CourseAlveoli Adaptations for Gas Exchange
Discover how alveoli are perfectly adapted for efficient gas exchange in human lungs
Unlock Full CourseSmoking Effects on Health
Understand how smoking damages respiratory and cardiovascular systems causing serious diseases
Unlock Full CoursePractical Investigation - Breathing
Learn practical methods to measure breathing rate, lung capacity and exercise effects safely
Unlock Full CourseExercise Effects on Breathing
Learn how exercise increases breathing rate and oxygen demand in the human respiratory system
Unlock Full CourseTransport Systems (16 lessons)
Explore transport systems in Biology.
Need for Transport Systems
Understand why organisms need transport systems and how size affects diffusion efficiency
Unlock Full CoursePlant Transport - Phloem Function
Learn how phloem tissue transports sugars and organic compounds throughout plants via translocation
Unlock Full CoursePlant Transport - Xylem Function
Learn how xylem vessels transport water from roots to leaves using transpiration and cohesion
Unlock Full CourseWater Absorption by Root Hairs
Learn how root hairs absorb water through osmosis and transport minerals via active transport mechanisms.
Unlock Full CourseTranspiration Process
Learn how plants lose water through transpiration and control this vital process
Unlock Full CourseFactors Affecting Transpiration Rate
Learn how temperature, humidity, wind speed and light intensity affect plant water loss rates
Unlock Full CoursePractical Investigation - Transpiration
Investigate transpiration rates using potometers and analyse environmental factors affecting water loss
Unlock Full CourseBlood Composition and Components
Learn about blood's four main components and their vital transport functions
Unlock Full CoursePlasma Transport Functions
Learn how blood plasma transports nutrients, waste, hormones and maintains body temperature
Unlock Full CourseRed Blood Cell Adaptations
Explore how red blood cells are perfectly adapted for efficient oxygen transport throughout the body
Unlock Full CourseWhite Blood Cells and Immunity
Learn how white blood cells defend against pathogens and how immunity protects your body
Unlock Full CourseVaccination and Memory Cells
Learn how vaccination creates immunity through memory cells and protects communities from disease
Unlock Full CourseBlood Clotting and Platelets
Learn how platelets and blood clotting work to prevent bleeding and save lives
Unlock Full CourseHeart Structure and Function
Learn heart structure, blood flow, cardiac cycle and how the heart pumps blood around your body.
Unlock Full CourseHeart Rate and Exercise
Learn how heart rate changes during exercise and what this reveals about fitness
Unlock Full CourseCoronary Heart Disease Risk Factors
Learn about controllable and uncontrollable risk factors that contribute to coronary heart disease development.
Unlock Full CourseTheme 3: Reproduction and Inheritance
Reproduction (20 lessons)
Explore reproduction in Biology.
Sexual vs Asexual Reproduction
Explore sexual and asexual reproduction methods, their advantages, disadvantages and real-world examples
Unlock Full CourseFertilisation and Gamete Fusion
Learn how sperm and egg cells fuse during fertilisation to create new life
Unlock Full CourseInsect-Pollinated Flower Structure
Learn the structure and function of insect-pollinated flower parts for successful reproduction
Unlock Full CourseWind-Pollinated Flower Structure
Learn how wind-pollinated flowers are structured and adapted for successful reproduction
Unlock Full CoursePollination Adaptations
Explore how flowers adapt their structures and features to attract specific pollinators successfully
Unlock Full CourseSeed and Fruit Formation
Learn how flowers develop into fruits and seeds after fertilisation and dispersal methods
Unlock Full CourseSeed Germination Conditions
Learn the essential conditions seeds need for successful germination and plant reproduction
Unlock Full CourseGermination Practical Investigation
Design and conduct controlled experiments investigating factors affecting seed germination rates
Unlock Full CourseFood Reserves in Seeds
Explore how seeds store starch, proteins and oils to fuel germination and early plant growth.
Unlock Full CourseAsexual Reproduction in Plants
Learn how plants reproduce asexually through runners, bulbs, cuttings and other vegetative methods.
Unlock Full CourseNatural Methods - Runners
Learn how plants reproduce asexually using runners to create identical offspring and spread rapidly.
Unlock Full CourseArtificial Methods - Cuttings
Learn how plant cuttings create identical copies through artificial asexual reproduction methods
Unlock Full CourseHuman Reproductive Systems
Learn about male and female reproductive systems, fertilisation, contraception and sexual health
Unlock Full CourseReproductive System Adaptations
Learn how male and female reproductive systems are perfectly adapted for successful reproduction
Unlock Full CourseMenstrual Cycle - Oestrogen and Progesterone
Learn how oestrogen and progesterone control the menstrual cycle and ovulation
Unlock Full CourseFSH and LH in Menstrual Cycle
Learn how FSH and LH hormones control egg development and ovulation timing
Unlock Full CoursePlacenta Function and Development
Learn how the placenta develops, functions and supports foetal growth during pregnancy
Unlock Full CourseAmniotic Fluid Protection
Learn how amniotic fluid protects and supports developing babies during pregnancy
Unlock Full CourseSecondary Sexual Characteristics
Learn how hormones control the development of secondary sexual characteristics during puberty
Unlock Full CourseHormones in Development
Learn how hormones control growth, development and puberty in plants and animals
Unlock Full CourseInheritance (24 lessons)
Explore inheritance in Biology.
Genome and Gene Structure
Explore DNA structure, genes, chromosomes and how genetic information controls inheritance patterns.
Unlock Full CourseChromosomes and Gene Location
Learn about chromosome structure, gene locations and how genetic information is organised in cells.
Unlock Full CourseDNA Double Helix Structure
Explore DNA's double helix structure, base pairing rules and genetic information storage
Unlock Full CourseBase Pairing Rules
Learn how DNA bases pair together following Chargaff's rules for inheritance
Unlock Full CourseRNA Structure and Function
Learn RNA structure, types, functions and roles in protein synthesis and inheritance
Unlock Full CourseProtein Synthesis - Transcription
Learn how genetic information is copied from DNA to RNA during transcription
Unlock Full CourseProtein Synthesis - Translation
Learn how ribosomes translate mRNA into proteins using tRNA and amino acids
Unlock Full CoursemRNA, tRNA and Codons
Learn how mRNA carries genetic instructions and tRNA delivers amino acids using codons
Unlock Full CourseGenes and Alleles
Learn about genes, alleles, dominant and recessive traits and genetic inheritance patterns
Unlock Full CourseGenetic Terminology
Master essential genetic terminology including genes, alleles, genotype, phenotype and inheritance patterns
Unlock Full CourseCodominance in Inheritance
Learn how codominance allows both alleles to be expressed simultaneously in inheritance patterns
Unlock Full CoursePolygenic Inheritance
Learn how multiple genes work together to control traits like height and skin colour
Unlock Full CourseMonohybrid Cross Diagrams
Learn to draw and interpret monohybrid cross diagrams showing single trait inheritance patterns
Unlock Full CourseFamily Pedigree Analysis
Analyse family pedigree charts to identify inheritance patterns and genetic disorders
Unlock Full CourseProbability in Genetics
Learn to calculate genetic inheritance probabilities using Punnett squares and ratios
Unlock Full CourseSex Determination
Learn how X and Y chromosomes determine sex and sex-linked inheritance patterns
Unlock Full CourseSex-Linked Inheritance
Understanding how genes on sex chromosomes create unique inheritance patterns in families
Unlock Full CourseMitosis and Identical Chromosomes
Learn how mitosis creates identical cells through precise chromosome division and distribution
Unlock Full CourseMitosis Applications
Learn how mitosis enables growth, healing and reproduction in living organisms
Unlock Full CourseMeiosis and Gamete Formation
Learn how meiosis creates genetically diverse gametes through chromosome reduction and genetic recombination processes.
Unlock Full CourseGenetic Variation from Fertilisation
Explore how sexual reproduction and fertilisation create genetic variation essential for species survival
Unlock Full CourseChromosome Numbers in Humans
Learn about normal human chromosome numbers and what happens when they go wrong
Unlock Full CourseSources of Variation
Explore genetic and environmental sources creating variation between individuals of same species
Unlock Full CourseMutations and Inheritance
Learn how DNA mutations occur and how genetic changes are inherited through generations
Unlock Full CourseEvolution and Selection (12 lessons)
Explore evolution and selection in Biology.
DNA Changes and Phenotype
Explore how DNA mutations affect observable traits and environmental gene expression influences
Unlock Full CourseMutation Effects on Organisms
Explore how genetic mutations affect organisms and drive evolutionary change through natural selection.
Unlock Full CourseIonising Radiation Effects
Explore how ionising radiation damages DNA, causes mutations and leads to cancer development
Unlock Full CourseChemical Mutagens
Explore how chemical mutagens cause DNA mutations and drive evolutionary change through natural selection.
Unlock Full CourseDarwins Theory of Evolution
Learn Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and supporting evidence
Unlock Full CourseNatural Selection Process
Learn how natural selection drives evolution through variation, inheritance and environmental pressures
Unlock Full CourseAntibiotic Resistance Development
Learn how bacteria evolve antibiotic resistance through natural selection and genetic variation
Unlock Full CourseBacterial Population Changes
Explore how bacterial populations evolve rapidly through mutations and natural selection pressures
Unlock Full CourseSelection Pressures
Learn how environmental factors drive evolution through natural selection pressures in organisms.
Unlock Full CourseAdaptive Advantages
Explore how adaptive advantages help organisms survive through natural selection and evolutionary processes.
Unlock Full CourseEvolution Evidence
Explore fossil, DNA, embryological and geographical evidence that supports evolutionary theory
Unlock Full CourseModern Applications
Explore selective breeding, genetic engineering, cloning and their modern applications in medicine and agriculture
Unlock Full CourseGenetic Technology (16 lessons)
Explore genetic technology in Biology.
Restriction Enzymes Function
Learn how restriction enzymes cut DNA precisely and enable genetic engineering applications
Unlock Full CourseLigase Enzymes and DNA Joining
Learn how ligase enzymes join DNA fragments together in genetic engineering applications
Unlock Full CoursePlasmids and Vectors
Learn how plasmids function as vectors to transfer genes between organisms in genetic engineering
Unlock Full CourseRecombinant DNA Technology
Learn how scientists cut, combine and modify DNA to create useful products and treatments.
Unlock Full CourseInsulin Production from Bacteria
Learn how bacteria are genetically engineered to produce human insulin for diabetes treatment.
Unlock Full CourseGenetically Modified Plants
Learn how scientists modify plant genes to create improved crops with enhanced characteristics.
Unlock Full CourseTransgenic Organisms
Learn how scientists create transgenic organisms by transferring genes between different species.
Unlock Full CourseMicropropagation Process
Learn how micropropagation creates thousands of identical plants from tiny tissue samples
Unlock Full CourseTissue Culture Applications
Learn how tissue culture technology revolutionises agriculture, medicine and conservation efforts worldwide
Unlock Full CourseCommercial Plant Production
Learn how genetic technology improves crops through selective breeding and genetic modification techniques
Unlock Full CourseCloning Mammals
Learn how scientists clone mammals using nuclear transfer and explore real applications
Unlock Full CourseNuclear Transfer Technique
Learn how nuclear transfer technique works and its applications in cloning and medicine
Unlock Full CourseDolly the Sheep Case Study
Explore Dolly the sheep cloning breakthrough, scientific process, ethical debates and lasting impact
Unlock Full CourseTransgenic Animal Applications
Learn how transgenic animals produce medicines, provide organs and advance medical research applications.
Unlock Full CourseHuman Protein Production
Learn how genetic engineering enables bacteria to produce essential human proteins for medicine
Unlock Full CourseEthical Considerations
Explore ethical dilemmas in genetic technology including gene therapy, designer babies and GM crops.
Unlock Full CourseTheme 4: Ecology and the Environment
Ecosystems and Populations (16 lessons)
Explore ecosystems and populations in Biology.
Ecological Terminology
Learn essential ecological terms including ecosystem, habitat, population, community and species interactions
Unlock Full CoursePopulation Size Investigations
Learn sampling methods to investigate and estimate population sizes in ecosystems
Unlock Full CourseQuadrat Sampling Techniques
Learn quadrat sampling methods to estimate populations and study plant communities effectively
Unlock Full CourseBiodiversity Concepts
Explore genetic, species and ecosystem diversity plus conservation strategies and biodiversity measurement
Unlock Full CourseDistribution Investigation Methods
Learn quadrat sampling, transects and capture-recapture methods for investigating species distribution patterns.
Unlock Full CourseBiodiversity Measurement
Learn to measure and compare biodiversity using quadrats, sampling techniques and Simpson's Index
Unlock Full CourseAbiotic Factor Effects
Explore how non-living factors like temperature, light and water affect organism survival and distribution
Unlock Full CourseBiotic Factor Influences
Explore how living organisms compete, cooperate and influence population sizes in ecosystems.
Unlock Full CourseEnvironmental Monitoring
Learn how scientists monitor air, water quality and use indicator species to assess ecosystem health.
Unlock Full CoursePopulation Distribution Patterns
Learn how organisms spread across habitats in clumped, uniform and random distribution patterns.
Unlock Full CourseSampling Methodology
Learn essential sampling techniques to study populations and estimate biodiversity in ecosystems
Unlock Full CourseStatistical Analysis of Data
Learn to collect, analyse and interpret ecological data using statistical methods and sampling techniques.
Unlock Full CourseHabitat Assessment
Learn methods for measuring habitat conditions and sampling organism populations effectively.
Unlock Full CourseSpecies Interaction Studies
Explore predator-prey cycles, competition, mutualism and parasitism in ecosystem population dynamics studies
Unlock Full CourseCommunity Structure
Learn how species interact and organise within ecological communities and ecosystems.
Unlock Full CourseEcosystem Stability
Learn how ecosystems maintain balance through population control and natural cycles
Unlock Full CourseFood Chains and Energy Flow (12 lessons)
Explore food chains and energy flow in Biology.
Trophic Levels and Terminology
Learn how energy flows through ecosystems via trophic levels and feeding relationships
Unlock Full CourseProducer and Consumer Roles
Learn how producers make energy and consumers transfer it through food chains
Unlock Full CourseDecomposer Functions
Explore how decomposers break down dead matter and cycle nutrients through ecosystems
Unlock Full CourseFood Chain Construction
Learn to construct accurate food chains showing energy flow through ecosystem trophic levels
Unlock Full CourseFood Web Interactions
Explore complex feeding relationships, energy flow and predator-prey dynamics in ecosystems
Unlock Full CoursePyramid of Numbers
Learn how pyramids of numbers show organism quantities at each food chain level
Unlock Full CoursePyramid of Biomass
Understand biomass pyramids, energy transfer efficiency and trophic level relationships in ecosystems
Unlock Full CoursePyramid of Energy Transfer
Explore energy transfer efficiency, the 10% rule and pyramid structures in ecosystems
Unlock Full CourseEnergy Transfer Efficiency
Understand how energy transfers through food chains with only 10% efficiency between levels
Unlock Full Course10% Energy Transfer Rule
Learn how only 10% of energy transfers between trophic levels in food chains
Unlock Full CourseEnergy Loss Between Levels
Explore energy transfer efficiency and the 10% rule in food chains and ecosystems
Unlock Full CourseFood Chain Length Limitations
Discover why food chains rarely exceed five levels due to energy transfer limitations
Unlock Full CourseNutrient Cycles (8 lessons)
Explore nutrient cycles in Biology.
Carbon Cycle Overview
Learn how carbon moves through Earth's atmosphere, oceans, land and living organisms continuously
Unlock Full CourseRespiration in Carbon Cycle
Learn how cellular respiration releases stored carbon back into the atmosphere through the carbon cycle
Unlock Full CoursePhotosynthesis Role
Learn how photosynthesis drives carbon and oxygen cycles in ecosystems worldwide.
Unlock Full CourseDecomposition and Combustion
Learn how decomposition and combustion drive carbon and nitrogen cycles in ecosystems
Unlock Full CourseNitrogen Cycle Stages
Learn the four key stages of nitrogen cycling and bacterial roles in ecosystems
Unlock Full CourseNitrogen-Fixing Bacteria
Learn how nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into plant-usable compounds through symbiosis
Unlock Full CourseDecomposer Bacteria Function
Learn how decomposer bacteria break down dead matter and recycle nutrients in ecosystems
Unlock Full CourseNitrifying and Denitrifying Bacteria
Learn how nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria drive the essential nitrogen cycle processes
Unlock Full CourseHuman Impact on Environment (8 lessons)
Explore human impact on environment in Biology.
Air Pollution Effects
Learn how human activities cause air pollution and its effects on health and environment
Unlock Full CourseSulfur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide
Learn how sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide pollution harms health and environment
Unlock Full CourseGreenhouse Gases
Learn about greenhouse gases, their sources and human impact on climate change.
Unlock Full CourseHuman Activities and Emissions
Learn how human activities create emissions that pollute air, water and land environments.
Unlock Full CourseEnhanced Greenhouse Effect
Learn how human activities enhance the greenhouse effect causing dangerous global warming
Unlock Full CourseGlobal Warming Consequences
Explore the wide-ranging consequences of global warming on environments, ecosystems and human societies worldwide.
Unlock Full CourseWater Pollution by Sewage
Learn how sewage pollutes water, causes eutrophication and methods for prevention and treatment
Unlock Full CourseEutrophication Process and Effects
Learn how human activities cause eutrophication and its devastating effects on aquatic ecosystems
Unlock Full CourseTheme 5: Use of Biological Resources
Food Production (16 lessons)
Explore food production in Biology.
Crop Yield Enhancement
Learn how farmers increase crop production using fertilisers, breeding, technology and sustainable methods.
Unlock Full CourseGlasshouse and Polytunnel Use
Learn how glasshouses and polytunnels create controlled environments for enhanced food production
Unlock Full CourseCarbon Dioxide Effects on Crops
Learn how carbon dioxide levels affect crop growth, photosynthesis and agricultural productivity worldwide
Unlock Full CourseTemperature Control in Growing
Learn how farmers control temperature to optimise plant growth and increase food production
Unlock Full CourseFertiliser Use and Benefits
Learn how fertilisers boost crop yields and their environmental impacts on food production
Unlock Full CoursePest Control Methods
Learn biological, chemical and integrated pest control methods for sustainable food production.
Unlock Full CoursePesticide Advantages and Disadvantages
Explore pesticide benefits for crop yields and examine environmental and health disadvantages
Unlock Full CourseBiological Control Methods
Learn how natural enemies control agricultural pests through biological methods sustainably
Unlock Full CourseYeast in Food Production
Learn how yeast fermentation creates bread, beer and other foods through sugar conversion
Unlock Full CourseBread Making Process
Learn how yeast fermentation and gluten development create bread through biological processes
Unlock Full CourseYeast Respiration Investigation
Investigate yeast respiration through controlled experiments measuring carbon dioxide production rates
Unlock Full CourseAnaerobic Conditions and Yeast
Learn how yeast performs anaerobic respiration and its applications in food production
Unlock Full CourseBacterial Food Production
Learn how bacteria create yoghurt, cheese and other foods through fermentation processes
Unlock Full CourseYoghurt Production Process
Learn how milk transforms into yoghurt through bacterial fermentation and industrial production processes.
Unlock Full CourseIndustrial Fermenter Use
Learn how industrial fermenters produce food, medicines and other products using controlled microorganism growth.
Unlock Full CourseFish Farming Methods
Learn intensive and extensive fish farming methods, environmental impacts and global aquaculture systems
Unlock Full CourseSelective Breeding and Biotechnology (20 lessons)
Explore selective breeding and biotechnology in Biology.
Plant Selective Breeding
Learn how selective breeding improves plant crops through controlled reproduction and trait selection
Unlock Full CourseDesired Plant Characteristics
Learn how selective breeding and biotechnology create plants with desired characteristics for better crops
Unlock Full CourseAnimal Selective Breeding
Learn how farmers selectively breed animals to improve milk production, meat quality and disease resistance
Unlock Full CourseDesired Animal Traits
Learn how selective breeding and biotechnology create animals with desired traits for farming.
Unlock Full CourseBreeding Programme Design
Learn to design systematic breeding programmes using traditional methods and modern biotechnology tools.
Unlock Full CourseGenetic Improvement Techniques
Learn selective breeding methods and modern biotechnology techniques for genetic improvement
Unlock Full CourseModern Breeding Methods
Explore artificial insemination, genetic engineering, cloning and tissue culture in modern agriculture
Unlock Full CourseBiotechnology Applications
Learn how biotechnology applications transform medicine, agriculture and industry through genetic engineering
Unlock Full CourseIndustrial Enzyme Use
Learn how enzymes revolutionise industrial processes from food production to textile manufacturing
Unlock Full CourseFermentation Technology
Learn how microorganisms are used in industrial fermentation to produce food, medicines and chemicals
Unlock Full CourseBiotechnology in Medicine
Explore how biotechnology creates life-saving medicines through genetic engineering and advanced therapies
Unlock Full CourseEnvironmental Biotechnology
Learn how biotechnology uses living organisms to solve environmental problems and clean pollution
Unlock Full CourseAgricultural Biotechnology
Learn how selective breeding and genetic modification improve crops and livestock for agriculture
Unlock Full CourseFuture of Food Production
Explore how selective breeding and biotechnology are revolutionising sustainable food production methods.
Unlock Full CourseSustainable Agriculture
Learn how selective breeding and biotechnology create sustainable agricultural solutions for food security.
Unlock Full CourseResource Conservation
Learn how selective breeding and biotechnology help conserve genetic resources and protect biodiversity.
Unlock Full CourseEconomic Considerations
Explore economic impacts, costs, benefits and market considerations of selective breeding biotechnology
Unlock Full CourseEnvironmental Impact Assessment
Learn how selective breeding and biotechnology affect ecosystems through Environmental Impact Assessment
Unlock Full CourseEthical Issues in Biotechnology
Explore ethical debates surrounding genetic modification, biotechnology applications and societal impacts
Unlock Full CourseCourse Review and Integration
Review and integrate key concepts of selective breeding and modern biotechnology applications
Unlock Full Course