Pearson Edexcel IGCSE History
View Course TimetableTheme 1: The French Revolution, c1780-99
The Origins of the Revolution, c1780-87 (3 lessons)
Explore the origins of the revolution, c1780-87 in History.
France Before the Revolution: The Three Estates
How the Three Estates divided France and why their privileges caused lasting resentment
Start LessonLouis XVI, Marie Antoinette and Dangerous New Ideas
Louis XVI's weak rule, the hated queen, Enlightenment ideas and America's example of liberty.
Unlock Full CourseA Kingdom Going Bankrupt: Debt, Necker and Failed Harvests
Why France ran out of money: war debts, unfair taxes, Necker and failed harvests.
Unlock Full CourseShort-Term Causes of the Revolution, 1787-89 (3 lessons)
Explore short-term causes of the revolution, 1787-89 in History.
The Assembly of Notables, Calonne and Brienne
How Calonne and Brienne failed to fix the finances, forcing the Estates General.
Unlock Full CourseThe Estates General and the Tennis Court Oath
How the Third Estate became the National Assembly and swore the Tennis Court Oath.
Unlock Full CourseThe Storming of the Bastille and the Grande Peur
Why Paris stormed the Bastille, how the Great Fear spread, and what changed.
Unlock Full CourseDevelopments 1789-92 (4 lessons)
Explore developments 1789-92 in History.
The August Decrees and the Rights of Man
How the August Decrees, the Rights of Man and the October Days changed France.
Unlock Full CourseReforming France: Church, Government and the 1791 Constitution
How the Assembly reformed the Church, local government, law, economy and monarchy, 1790-91
Unlock Full CourseThe Flight to Varennes and the Political Clubs
How the king's failed escape destroyed trust and how the political clubs grew
Unlock Full CourseWar, the August 1792 Coup and the National Convention
War goes badly, the Paris crowd storms the palace and the monarchy falls.
Unlock Full CourseConvention and Terror, 1792-94 (3 lessons)
Explore convention and terror, 1792-94 in History.
The National Convention and the Execution of Louis XVI
France becomes a republic, offers revolution to Europe and executes its king.
Unlock Full CourseThe Committee of Public Safety and the Fall of the Girondins
How a small committee saved the Republic with mass conscription and price controls.
Unlock Full CourseRobespierre and the Terror
Why the Terror began, Robespierre's role, its laws and its impact on France
Unlock Full CourseDirectory and First Consul, 1794-99 (3 lessons)
Explore directory and first consul, 1794-99 in History.
The Fall of Robespierre and the Thermidorian Reaction
Why Robespierre fell in July 1794, the Thermidorian Reaction and the White Terror
Unlock Full CourseThe Directory, 1795-99
How the Directory was set up, what it achieved, and why it fell
Unlock Full CourseNapoleon as First Consul and What the Revolution Achieved
How Napoleon became First Consul in 1799 and what the Revolution really changed
Unlock Full CourseTheme 2: Development of a Nation: Unification of Italy, 1848-70
The 1848 Revolutions in the Italian States (3 lessons)
Explore the 1848 revolutions in the italian states in History.
Divided Italy and the Causes of the 1848 Revolutions
How divided Italy, new ideas, hunger and a reforming Pope caused the 1848 Revolutions.
Unlock Full CourseMazzini, the Roman Republic and the Failure of 1848-49
How Mazzini's Roman Republic rose and fell, and why the 1848 Revolutions failed.
Unlock Full CourseThe Legacy of 1848: Piedmont, Austria and the Pope
What 1848 left behind: Piedmont's Statuto, Austrian dominance, a hostile Pope and French troops in Rome.
Unlock Full CourseDevelopments in Piedmont, 1849-54 (2 lessons)
Explore developments in piedmont, 1849-54 in History.
Victor Emmanuel II and the Rise of Cavour
How Victor Emmanuel II ruled Piedmont and how Cavour rose to become prime minister.
Unlock Full CourseCavour's Reforms in Piedmont
How Cavour's financial, economic and Church reforms made Piedmont Italy's strongest state.
Unlock Full CourseThe Defeat of Austria, 1854-59 (3 lessons)
Explore the defeat of austria, 1854-59 in History.
Piedmont, Austria and the Crimean War
Why Piedmont quarrelled with Austria and what joining the Crimean War achieved.
Unlock Full CourseNapoleon III, Orsini and the Pact of Plombières
How the National Society, Orsini's bombs and a secret pact led to war in 1859.
Unlock Full CourseThe War of 1859: Magenta, Solferino and Villafranca
How two bloody battles, a sudden peace and plebiscites enlarged Piedmont in 1859-60.
Unlock Full CourseGaribaldi and the Papal States (3 lessons)
Explore garibaldi and the papal states in History.
Garibaldi and the Thousand in Sicily
Why Garibaldi invaded Sicily in 1860 and how the Thousand won it
Unlock Full CourseFrom Naples to Teano: Garibaldi, Cavour and the Papal States
How Garibaldi took Naples, Cavour invaded the Papal States and the powers reacted
Unlock Full CourseThe Kingdom of Italy, 1861
How the plebiscites and the 1861 proclamation created an unfinished Kingdom of Italy
Unlock Full CourseVenice and Rome and the Extent of Unification by 1870 (4 lessons)
Explore venice and rome and the extent of unification by 1870 in History.
Obstacles to Unity After 1861 and Piedmontisation
How Austria, France, the Pope and Piedmontisation held back Italian unity after 1861
Unlock Full CourseVenetia, 1866: Italy and the Austro-Prussian War
How Italy lost at Custoza in 1866 yet still gained Venetia from Austria
Unlock Full CourseThe Roman Question and the Taking of Rome
Why Rome was so hard to win, Garibaldi's failures and its capture in 1870
Unlock Full CourseHow United Was Italy in 1870?
Weigh up what united Italy by 1870 and what still divided it
Unlock Full CourseTheme 3: Germany: Development of Dictatorship, 1918-45
The Establishment of the Weimar Republic and Its Early Problems (5 lessons)
Explore the establishment of the weimar republic and its early problems in History.
The Kaiser's Abdication and the German Revolution, 1918-19
How defeat, mutiny and revolution ended the Kaiser's rule and created a republic
Unlock Full CourseThe Weimar Constitution: Strengths and Weaknesses
How the Weimar Constitution shared out power, and its strengths and weaknesses
Unlock Full CourseGerman Reactions to the Treaty of Versailles
Why Germans hated the Treaty of Versailles and how it damaged the Republic
Unlock Full CourseThreats From Left and Right: Spartacists and the Kapp Putsch
How the Spartacists and the Kapp Putsch threatened the Republic and why both failed
Unlock Full CourseThe Ruhr Occupation and Hyperinflation, 1923
Why France occupied the Ruhr and how hyperinflation created winners and losers
Unlock Full CourseThe Recovery of Germany, 1924-29 (2 lessons)
Explore the recovery of germany, 1924-29 in History.
Stresemann and Economic Recovery, 1924-29
How Stresemann's new currency, the Dawes and Young Plans and US loans rebuilt Germany's economy
Unlock Full CourseStresemann's Successes Abroad
How Locarno, the League of Nations and the Kellogg-Briand Pact restored Germany's standing abroad
Unlock Full CourseThe Rise of Hitler and the Nazis to January 1933 (5 lessons)
Explore the rise of hitler and the nazis to january 1933 in History.
Hitler and the Early Nazi Party, 1919-22
How Hitler joined the German Workers' Party and reshaped it into the Nazi Party
Unlock Full CourseThe Munich Putsch, 1923
Why Hitler's 1923 Munich Putsch failed and how he turned defeat into fame
Unlock Full CourseThe Lean Years: Rebuilding the Nazi Party, 1924-28
How Hitler rebuilt the Nazi Party in 1924-28, yet won only 12 seats
Unlock Full CourseThe Great Depression and Growing Nazi Support
How the Great Depression, Nazi propaganda and the SA won Hitler millions of votes
Unlock Full CourseHow Hitler Became Chancellor, 1932-33
How backstairs deals by Papen, Schleicher and Hindenburg made Hitler chancellor in January 1933
Unlock Full CourseNazi Germany 1933-39 (7 lessons)
Explore nazi germany 1933-39 in History.
From Chancellor to Führer, 1933-34
How Hitler turned his chancellorship into a dictatorship in eighteen months, 1933 to 1934
Unlock Full CourseThe Nazi Police State
How the SS, Gestapo, camps, informers and courts kept Germans in fear
Unlock Full CourseCensorship and Propaganda in Nazi Germany
How Goebbels used censorship, the media, rallies and the Berlin Olympics to control Germans
Unlock Full CourseEducation and the Young in Nazi Germany
How the Nazis used schools and the Hitler Youth to win over the young
Unlock Full CourseWomen and the Churches in Nazi Germany
How Nazi policies changed life for women and for the Catholic and Protestant Churches
Unlock Full CourseNazi Racial Policy and the Persecution of Jews, 1933-39
How Nazi racial ideas led to growing persecution of Jews, from boycott to Kristallnacht
Unlock Full CourseWork and Bread: Nazi Employment Policies
How the Nazis cut unemployment and whether German workers were really better off
Unlock Full CourseGermany and the Occupied Territories During the Second World War (4 lessons)
Explore germany and the occupied territories during the second world war in History.
The Holocaust: Ghettos, Death Squads and the Final Solution
How the war turned Nazi persecution of Jews into ghettos, mass shootings and death camps
Unlock Full CourseThe German Home Front, 1939-45
How rationing, total war, women's war work and Allied bombing changed life for German civilians
Unlock Full CourseOpposition to Hitler in Wartime
How the Edelweiss Pirates, White Rose and July Bomb plotters opposed Hitler, and why they failed
Unlock Full CourseHitler's Death and the End of the Third Reich
How invasion from east and west, Hitler's death and unconditional surrender ended the Third Reich
Unlock Full CourseTheme 4: Colonial Rule and the Nationalist Challenge in India, 1919-47
The Rowlatt Acts, Amritsar and the Government of India Act, 1919 (3 lessons)
Explore the rowlatt acts, amritsar and the government of india act, 1919 in History.
British India and the Impact of the First World War
How the First World War changed British India and made nationalism grow
Unlock Full CourseThe Rowlatt Acts and the Amritsar Massacre
The Rowlatt Acts, the Amritsar Massacre of 1919 and why it changed India
Unlock Full CourseThe Government of India Act 1919 and Dyarchy
What the 1919 Government of India Act and Dyarchy changed, and why nationalists were disappointed
Unlock Full CourseGandhi and Congress, 1919-27 (3 lessons)
Explore gandhi and congress, 1919-27 in History.
Gandhi: Aims, Methods and Satyagraha
Who Gandhi was, what he wanted and why non-violence became his weapon.
Unlock Full CourseNon-Cooperation and Swaraj, 1920-22
How Gandhi's first all-India campaign shook the Raj, and why he stopped it.
Unlock Full CourseCongress, the Muslims, the Untouchables and Jinnah
How Congress saw the British, Muslims and untouchables, and why Jinnah left.
Unlock Full CourseKey Developments, 1927-39 (4 lessons)
Explore key developments, 1927-39 in History.
The Simon Commission and Its Consequences
Why the Simon Commission was boycotted, and how it led to Purna Swaraj.
Unlock Full CourseThe Salt March and Civil Disobedience, 1930-31
Why Gandhi marched to Dandi for salt, and what the campaign achieved.
Unlock Full CourseThe Round Table Conferences, 1930-32
Why three London conferences on India's future settled so little, 1930-32.
Unlock Full CourseThe 1935 Government of India Act and the 1937 Elections
What the 1935 Act changed, the 1937 election results, and how the Muslim League revived.
Unlock Full CourseThe Impact of the Second World War on India (3 lessons)
Explore the impact of the second world war on india in History.
India Enters the War: Congress, the League and the Lahore Resolution
How India entered the war, why Congress resigned, and what the Lahore Resolution demanded.
Unlock Full CourseThe Cripps Mission and Quit India
Why the Cripps Mission failed, and how Quit India helped the Muslim League.
Unlock Full CourseWavell, Bose and the Cost of War
How war, famine, Wavell and Bose's Indian National Army weakened British rule.
Unlock Full CourseCommunal Violence, Independence and Partition, 1945-47 (4 lessons)
Explore communal violence, independence and partition, 1945-47 in History.
The Simla Conference and the Labour Government
Why the Simla Conference failed, Labour's attitude to India and the 1945-46 elections.
Unlock Full CourseThe Cabinet Mission and Direct Action
How the Cabinet Mission plan failed and Direct Action brought violence and Pakistan closer.
Unlock Full CourseMountbatten and the Decision to Partition
How Mountbatten came to accept partition, set an early date and had borders drawn.
Unlock Full CourseIndependence, Partition and Its Consequences
Independence in August 1947, then mass migration, communal violence and the Princely States.
Unlock Full CourseTheme 5: Dictatorship and Conflict in the USSR, 1924-53
The Leadership Struggle, 1924-29 (3 lessons)
Explore the leadership struggle, 1924-29 in History.
The Rivals to Succeed Lenin
The five rivals to succeed Lenin, their ideas, and Lenin's Testament
Unlock Full CourseStalin's Steps to Power: Defeating Trotsky and the Left, 1924-27
How Stalin outmanoeuvred Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev between 1924 and 1927
Unlock Full CourseStalin Becomes Leader: Defeating Bukharin and Why He Won
How Stalin defeated Bukharin and the Right, and why he won the leadership struggle
Unlock Full CourseFive-Year Plans and Collectivisation (5 lessons)
Explore five-year plans and collectivisation in History.
Why Stalin Wanted Rapid Industrialisation
Why Stalin ended the NEP and pushed the USSR towards rapid industrialisation
Unlock Full CourseThe Five-Year Plans: Gosplan, Targets and Stakhanovites
How Gosplan's targets, three Five-Year Plans, Magnitogorsk and the Stakhanovites industrialised the USSR.
Unlock Full CourseSuccesses and Failures of Industrialisation
Weigh up what Stalin's industrialisation achieved by 1941 and what it cost
Unlock Full CourseCollectivisation: Reasons, Kolkhozes and Tractor Stations
Why Stalin ended private farming, and how kolkhozes and tractor stations worked
Unlock Full CourseThe Kulaks, the Great Famine and the Results of Collectivisation
How the kulaks were removed, why the Great Famine happened, and collectivisation's results
Unlock Full CoursePurges, Show Trials, the Cult of Stalin and the Revision of History (5 lessons)
Explore purges, show trials, the cult of stalin and the revision of history in History.
The Murder of Kirov and the Reasons for the Purges
Why Stalin launched the purges, how Kirov's murder triggered them, and who suffered
Unlock Full CourseYezhov, the NKVD and the Gulags
How Yezhov's NKVD used quotas, informers and the gulags to control Soviet people
Unlock Full CourseThe Moscow Show Trials and the Purge of the Armed Forces
Why Stalin staged the Moscow Show Trials, purged the army, and the damage done
Unlock Full CourseThe Cult of Stalin
Why Stalin built a cult of personality and the methods that spread it
Unlock Full CourseCensorship, Propaganda and Rewriting History
How censorship, propaganda, the arts, schools and rewritten history controlled Soviet minds
Unlock Full CourseLife in the Soviet Union, 1924-41 (3 lessons)
Explore life in the soviet union, 1924-41 in History.
Living and Working Conditions in Town and Countryside
How Stalin's policies changed housing, food, work and farm life for different groups
Unlock Full CourseWomen, Family Life and Education Under Stalin
How Stalin changed family life, women's work and political position, and schools
Unlock Full CourseThe Persecution of Ethnic Minorities in the USSR
Why Stalin distrusted national groups, and how Russification and deportation persecuted them
Unlock Full CourseThe Second World War and After, 1941-53 (4 lessons)
Explore the second world war and after, 1941-53 in History.
Invasion: Soviet Setbacks, 1941-42
Why the 1941 German invasion surprised the USSR and how much was lost
Unlock Full CourseStalingrad and Soviet Survival
Why the USSR survived the German invasion and why Stalingrad was a turning point
Unlock Full CoursePost-War Recovery and the Last Purges, 1945-53
How the USSR rebuilt after 1945, why Stalin was popular, and who was purged
Unlock Full CourseThe USSR in 1953: Judging Stalin's Rule
How strong the USSR was in 1953 and how to judge Stalin's rule
Unlock Full CourseTheme 6: A World Divided: Superpower Relations, 1943-72
Reasons for the Cold War (3 lessons)
Explore reasons for the cold war in History.
Communism Against Capitalism: Long-Term Rivalry
Why Communist USSR and the capitalist West distrusted each other from 1917 to 1945
Unlock Full CourseThe Big Three at Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam
What the Big Three agreed and argued about at Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam
Unlock Full CourseTruman, Stalin and Eastern Europe in 1945
Why Stalin wanted a buffer zone and how Truman's tougher attitude raised tension
Unlock Full CourseEarly Developments in the Cold War, 1945-49 (4 lessons)
Explore early developments in the cold war, 1945-49 in History.
Soviet Expansion and the Iron Curtain Speech
How Communists took control of Eastern Europe and how Churchill's iron curtain speech was received
Unlock Full CourseThe Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan
Why Truman promised to contain Communism and how Marshall Aid divided Europe
Unlock Full CourseCominform, Comecon and the Quarrel Over Germany
How Stalin answered with Cominform and Comecon, and why Germany divided the powers
Unlock Full CourseThe Berlin Blockade and Airlift, 1948-49
Why Stalin blockaded Berlin, how the airlift beat him, and what followed
Unlock Full CourseThe Cold War in the 1950s (4 lessons)
Explore the cold war in the 1950s in History.
The Korean War and the Warsaw Pact
How the Korean War spread the Cold War to Asia, and why the Warsaw Pact formed
Unlock Full CourseKhrushchev, Peaceful Co-existence and Unrest in Hungary
Khrushchev's peaceful co-existence, the secret speech, and why Hungary rose under Nagy in 1956
Unlock Full CourseThe Soviet Invasion of Hungary, 1956
Why Soviet tanks crushed Hungary in 1956, the effects, and why the West stood back
Unlock Full CourseThe Nuclear Arms Race in the 1950s
How the race for hydrogen bombs, missiles and Sputnik changed superpower relations in the 1950s
Unlock Full CourseThree Crises: Berlin, Cuba and Czechoslovakia (5 lessons)
Explore three crises: berlin, cuba and czechoslovakia in History.
The U2 Incident and the Paris Summit, 1960
How a shot-down American spy plane wrecked the 1960 Paris Summit
Unlock Full CourseBuilding the Berlin Wall, 1961
Why the Berlin Wall was built in 1961 and how it changed relations
Unlock Full CourseThe Bay of Pigs and the Causes of the Cuban Missile Crisis
How Castro's revolution and the Bay of Pigs led to Soviet missiles on Cuba
Unlock Full CourseThirteen Days: The Cuban Missile Crisis and Its Outcome
The thirteen days of October 1962: quarantine, two letters and the deal
Unlock Full CourseThe Prague Spring and the Brezhnev Doctrine, 1968
Why Dubček's Prague Spring led to Soviet invasion and the Brezhnev Doctrine.
Unlock Full CourseThe Thaw and Moves Towards Détente, 1963-72 (2 lessons)
Explore the thaw and moves towards détente, 1963-72 in History.
The Thaw: Hotline and the Treaties of the 1960s
The thaw after Cuba: the Hotline and three nuclear treaties, and their limits
Unlock Full CourseDétente and SALT 1: How Far Had Relations Improved by 1972?
Why the superpowers chose Détente, what SALT 1 agreed, and its limits
Unlock Full CourseTheme 7: A Divided Union: Civil Rights in the USA, 1945-74
The Red Scare and McCarthyism (4 lessons)
Explore the red scare and mccarthyism in History.
Cold War Fears, the FBI and HUAC
Why Americans feared Communists after 1945: the Cold War, the FBI and HUAC
Unlock Full CourseSpy Cases: Alger Hiss and the Rosenbergs
How the Hiss and Rosenberg spy cases deepened American fear of Communist spies
Unlock Full CourseMcCarthy's Methods and the Growth of Opposition
How McCarthy used lists, unproven accusations and hearings, and who opposed him
Unlock Full CourseMcCarthy's Downfall and the Impact of McCarthyism
Why McCarthy fell in 1954 and how McCarthyism changed life in the USA
Unlock Full CourseCivil Rights in the 1950s (5 lessons)
Explore civil rights in the 1950s in History.
Jim Crow: Segregation, the Supreme Court and Congress
How Jim Crow laws, the Supreme Court and Congress kept black Americans unequal
Unlock Full CourseBrown v Board of Education of Topeka, 1954
How the NAACP won the Brown ruling, the South's resistance and what changed
Unlock Full CourseEmmett Till and the Montgomery Bus Boycott
How Emmett Till's murder and the Montgomery Bus Boycott changed the civil rights struggle
Unlock Full CourseLittle Rock, 1957
How nine students, Governor Faubus and federal troops tested the Brown ruling at Little Rock
Unlock Full CourseThe Civil Rights Act 1957 and the Revival of the Ku Klux Klan
What the weak 1957 Civil Rights Act did for voting and why the Klan revived
Unlock Full CourseThe Impact of Civil Rights Protests, 1960-74 (7 lessons)
Explore the impact of civil rights protests, 1960-74 in History.
Sit-ins and Freedom Riders
How the Greensboro sit-ins spread, why SNCC began, and the 1961 freedom rides
Unlock Full CourseVoting Rights and the Meredith Case
Voter registration drives in Mississippi, 1961-63, and James Meredith's fight to enter university
Unlock Full CourseMartin Luther King, Birmingham and the March on Washington
King's non-violent direct action, the Birmingham Campaign of 1963 and the March on Washington
Unlock Full CourseFreedom Summer, Selma and the Civil Rights Laws
Freedom Summer, Selma, and how protest led to the 1964 and 1965 civil rights laws
Unlock Full CourseMalcolm X and the Nation of Islam
The Nation of Islam, Malcolm X's beliefs, his changing views and his influence
Unlock Full CourseBlack Power, Stokely Carmichael and the 1968 Olympics
Why Black Power grew, Stokely Carmichael's influence, its impact and the 1968 Olympics protest
Unlock Full CourseThe Watts Riots and the Black Panthers
The Watts riots, the impact of race riots, the Black Panthers and progress by 1974
Unlock Full CourseOther Protest Movements: Students, Women, Anti-Vietnam (4 lessons)
Explore other protest movements: students, women, anti-vietnam in History.
Student Protest: Berkeley, the SDS and the Hippies
Why 1960s protest grew, the Berkeley Free Speech Movement, the SDS and the hippies
Unlock Full CourseThe Anti-Vietnam War Movement
How the draft and Vietnam fuelled student protest, the Kent State shootings and their impact
Unlock Full CourseThe Women's Movement: Friedan, Eleanor Roosevelt and NOW
How women were treated in the early 1960s, and how Roosevelt, Friedan and NOW challenged it
Unlock Full CourseWomen's Liberation, Abortion and Phyllis Schlafly
Women's liberation and its methods, Roe v Wade, and Phyllis Schlafly's fight against the ERA
Unlock Full CourseNixon and Watergate (3 lessons)
Explore nixon and watergate in History.
The Watergate Break-In and Cover-Up
Why Nixon feared opponents, what CREEP did, the Watergate break-in and the cover-up
Unlock Full CourseNixon's Resignation and Ford's Pardon
How reporters, Senate hearings and the tapes forced Nixon to resign, and Ford's pardon
Unlock Full CourseAfter Watergate: New Laws and Trust in Politics
How Watergate damaged trust in politics and led to four laws limiting the President
Unlock Full CourseTheme 8: South Africa: From Union to the End of Apartheid, 1948-94
Setting Up Apartheid, 1948-54 (5 lessons)
Explore setting up apartheid, 1948-54 in History.
South Africa in 1948: Segregation Before Apartheid
Who lived in South Africa in 1948 and how segregation already worked
Unlock Full CourseThe 1948 Election and the Origins of Apartheid
Why the Nationalists won the 1948 election and what apartheid meant
Unlock Full CourseThe First Apartheid Laws: Classifying and Separating People
How the first apartheid laws classified people, banned mixed marriages and divided towns.
Unlock Full CoursePasses, Reserves, Separate Amenities and Bantu Education
How passes, reserves, separate amenities and Bantu Education tightened apartheid by 1954.
Unlock Full CourseEarly Resistance and Its Suppression, 1948-54
How the ANC resisted apartheid, 1948 to 1954, and how the government hit back.
Unlock Full CourseThe Growth of Apartheid, 1955-59 (2 lessons)
Explore the growth of apartheid, 1955-59 in History.
Petty Apartheid and Daily Life Under Segregation
How petty apartheid shaped daily life, schools and universities in the later 1950s.
Unlock Full CourseVerwoerd, Vorster and the Bantu Self-Government Act
How Verwoerd and Vorster built the homelands and stripped Africans of citizenship
Unlock Full CourseResisting Apartheid, 1955-78 (5 lessons)
Explore resisting apartheid, 1955-78 in History.
The ANC, the Freedom Charter and the Treason Trials
A charter declares South Africa belongs to all, and its authors are tried.
Unlock Full CourseAnti-Pass Protests and Sharpeville, 1960
A rival movement's pass protest ends in a massacre that shocks the world.
Unlock Full CourseSpear of the Nation and Mandela's Imprisonment
The ANC turns to sabotage, and Mandela is jailed for life.
Unlock Full CourseSteve Biko, Black Consciousness and Soweto, 1976
Biko's Black Consciousness, the Soweto pupils' uprising of 1976, and Biko's death.
Unlock Full CourseHow Threatened Was Apartheid by 1978?
Weighing world pressure, hostile neighbours and resistance against the apartheid state's strength in 1978.
Unlock Full CoursePW Botha: Response to Resistance, 1978-90 (5 lessons)
Explore pw botha: response to resistance, 1978-90 in History.
Why Botha Reformed Apartheid
Why PW Botha reformed apartheid: Total Strategy, trade unions, the 1983 constitution, passes
Unlock Full CourseReactions to Botha's Reforms and the AWB
How Botha's reforms split white politics, disappointed Coloured and Black people, and fed the AWB
Unlock Full CourseThe UDF, Township Unrest and Church Leaders
How the UDF, the exiled ANC, township risings and Church leaders challenged Botha
Unlock Full CourseThe State of Emergency, 1985-90
Why Botha ruled by emergency powers from 1985 and why repression failed
Unlock Full CourseBoycotts, Sanctions and International Opposition
How boycotts, sanctions and banks squeezed apartheid South Africa in the 1980s
Unlock Full CourseDismantling Apartheid, 1990-94 (3 lessons)
Explore dismantling apartheid, 1990-94 in History.
De Klerk's Reforms and the Repeal of Apartheid
Why de Klerk unbanned the ANC, freed Mandela and repealed the apartheid laws
Unlock Full CourseNegotiating the End: Mandela, de Klerk and Others
How Mandela, de Klerk and others negotiated apartheid's end despite violence, 1990-93
Unlock Full CourseThe 1994 Election and the New South Africa
How the April 1994 election was saved, won and made Mandela president
Unlock Full CourseTheme 9: The Origins and Course of the First World War, 1905-18
The Alliance System and International Rivalry, 1905-14 (2 lessons)
Explore the alliance system and international rivalry, 1905-14 in History.
The Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente
How Europe's great powers split into the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente
Unlock Full CourseEconomic, Imperial and Military Rivalry Before 1914
How rivalry over trade, colonies and armies raised tension between the great powers
Unlock Full CourseThe Growth of Tension in Europe, 1905-14 (5 lessons)
Explore the growth of tension in europe, 1905-14 in History.
The Balkans: Nationalism and the Bosnian Crisis
How Balkan nationalism, Austro-Serbian rivalry and the Bosnian Crisis raised tension in Europe
Unlock Full CourseThe Balkan Wars, 1912-13
How two Balkan Wars made Serbia bigger and bolder, and alarmed Austria-Hungary
Unlock Full CourseAnglo-German Rivalry: The Naval Race and the Moroccan Crises
How the Dreadnought race and two Moroccan crises pushed Britain towards France
Unlock Full CourseThe Assassination at Sarajevo
How a murder in Sarajevo led to Germany's blank cheque and an ultimatum
Unlock Full CourseFrom Sarajevo to War: The July Crisis of 1914
How alliances, the 1839 Belgian treaty and great power choices brought war
Unlock Full CourseThe Schlieffen Plan and Deadlock on the Western Front (5 lessons)
Explore the schlieffen plan and deadlock on the western front in History.
The Schlieffen Plan and Why It Failed
Germany's plan to beat France in six weeks and why it failed
Unlock Full CourseThe Trench System and Life in the Trenches
The layout of the trenches and how soldiers lived, suffered and kept going
Unlock Full CourseNew Weapons, New Methods and the Reasons for Deadlock
How new weapons and methods were used and why neither side broke through
Unlock Full CourseThe Somme and Passchendaele
The aims, events, losses and results of the Somme and Passchendaele
Unlock Full CourseHaig and the Western Front: Successes and Failures
Successes and failures on the Western Front and the arguments for and against Haig
Unlock Full CourseThe War at Sea and Gallipoli (3 lessons)
Explore the war at sea and gallipoli in History.
The War in the North Sea: Raids, Dogger Bank and Jutland
The German naval threat, east coast raids, Dogger Bank and who gained from Jutland
Unlock Full CourseThe U-Boat Threat and the Lusitania
The U-boat threat, the Lusitania, unrestricted submarine warfare and how convoys beat it
Unlock Full CourseThe Gallipoli Campaign
Why the Allies attacked Gallipoli, what went wrong, the evacuation and the effects
Unlock Full CourseThe Defeat of Germany (3 lessons)
Explore the defeat of germany in History.
The USA Enters the War
Why the USA joined the war in 1917 and what its help meant
Unlock Full CourseThe Ludendorff Spring Offensive, 1918
Why Germany gambled in spring 1918, stormtrooper tactics, early gains and failure
Unlock Full CourseThe Hundred Days and Why Germany Lost
How the Allies won in 1918 and the reasons Germany was defeated
Unlock Full CourseTheme 10: Russia and the Soviet Union, 1905-24
Tsarist Rule in Russia, 1905-14 (4 lessons)
Explore tsarist rule in russia, 1905-14 in History.
Russia in 1905: The Tsar and His Discontented People
How Nicholas II ruled Russia in 1905 and why his people were discontented
Unlock Full CourseThe 1905 Revolution and How Nicholas Survived
Bloody Sunday, the Potemkin Mutiny, the Soviets, the October Manifesto and why Nicholas survived
Unlock Full CourseThe Dumas and the Growth of Opposition Groups
How Nicholas limited the four dumas and how Russia's opposition groups grew
Unlock Full CourseStolypin: Repression, Land Reform and the Lena Goldfield Strike
How Stolypin used hangings and land reform, and why Lena reignited unrest
Unlock Full CourseOpposition to Tsarist Rule 1914-17: The Impact of War and the February Revolution (3 lessons)
Explore opposition to tsarist rule 1914-17: the impact of war and the february revolution in History.
Russia at War: Defeats, Shortages and Inflation
How defeats, food and fuel shortages and inflation brought hardship to wartime Russia
Unlock Full CourseThe Tsar, the Tsarina and Rasputin
How the Tsar's command, the Tsarina's government and Rasputin destroyed support for Nicholas
Unlock Full CourseThe February Revolution and the Tsar's Abdication
How strikes, an army mutiny and the Tsar's abdication created Russia's Provisional Government in 1917.
Unlock Full CourseProvisional Government and the Bolshevik Revolution (4 lessons)
Explore provisional government and the bolshevik revolution in History.
The Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet
Why the Provisional Government lost support and how the Petrograd Soviet created dual power in 1917.
Unlock Full CourseLenin Returns: The April Theses and the July Days
Lenin's return, the April Theses and the July Days that set back the Bolsheviks in 1917.
Unlock Full CourseThe Kornilov Revolt
General Kornilov's August 1917 revolt, Kerensky's response and how it helped the Bolsheviks.
Unlock Full CourseThe Bolshevik Takeover, October 1917
The October 1917 Bolshevik takeover, the roles of Lenin and Trotsky, and why it succeeded.
Unlock Full CourseThe Bolshevik Consolidation of Power and the Civil War (3 lessons)
Explore the bolshevik consolidation of power and the civil war in History.
Holding On to Power: Decrees, the Constituent Assembly and Brest-Litovsk
The first Bolshevik decrees, closing the Constituent Assembly, Brest-Litovsk and the Cheka.
Unlock Full CourseReds Against Whites: The Russian Civil War
Bolshevik Reds fight a patchwork of White armies across a huge country.
Unlock Full CourseWhy the Bolsheviks Won the Civil War
Why the Reds won the Civil War: Trotsky's army, geography, unity, terror and White weaknesses.
Unlock Full CourseWar Communism and the New Economic Policy (NEP) (3 lessons)
Explore war communism and the new economic policy (nep) in History.
War Communism and the Kronstadt Mutiny
Why Lenin brought in War Communism, what it did to Russia, and the Kronstadt Mutiny.
Unlock Full CourseThe New Economic Policy and Its Critics
Why Lenin brought in the NEP, what it changed, how Russia recovered and who opposed it.
Unlock Full CourseLenin's Achievements to 1924
Lenin's achievements to 1924 weighed against dictatorship, terror and suffering, with a 16-mark practice.
Unlock Full CourseTheme 11: The USA, 1918-41
The Roaring Twenties (5 lessons)
Explore the roaring twenties in History.
The Boom: The First World War, Henry Ford and Mass Production
How the First World War and Henry Ford's mass production drove the 1920s American economic boom.
Unlock Full CourseBuy Now, Pay Later: Consumerism, Advertising and the Stock Market
How hire purchase, advertising, electrical goods and buying shares on the margin fuelled the 1920s boom
Unlock Full CourseLeft Behind: Farmers and the Older Industries
Why farmers and the older industries of coal, textiles and railways struggled during the 1920s boom
Unlock Full CourseLeisure in the Twenties: Cinema, Jazz, Sport and Radio
How cinema, radio, jazz, dancing, sport and motoring created a leisure industry in 1920s America
Unlock Full CourseWomen in the 1920s and the Flappers
Women's vote, work, fashion and the flappers in the 1920s, and how limited change was.
Unlock Full CourseIncreased Social Tensions in the 1920s (5 lessons)
Explore increased social tensions in the 1920s in History.
Immigration: Closing the Golden Door
Why the USA closed its doors to immigrants in the 1920s using quota laws
Unlock Full CourseThe Red Scare, the Palmer Raids and Sacco and Vanzetti
The Red Scare, the Palmer Raids and the Sacco and Vanzetti case in 1920s America
Unlock Full CourseBlack Americans and the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s
Jim Crow laws, the move north and the rise and fall of the Klan
Unlock Full CourseThe Monkey Trial: Old Values Against New
Old and new values in 1920s America and the Scopes Monkey Trial of 1925
Unlock Full CourseProhibition and the Gangsters
Why America banned alcohol, how speakeasies and gangsters like Capone thrived, and why Prohibition failed.
Unlock Full CourseThe USA in Depression, 1929-33 (4 lessons)
Explore the usa in depression, 1929-33 in History.
The Causes of the Wall Street Crash
Why the Wall Street Crash of October 1929 happened: weak foundations, speculation and panic selling.
Unlock Full CourseFrom Crash to Depression: Banks, Farms and Factories
How the Crash became the Great Depression: bank failures, falling farm prices and closing factories.
Unlock Full CourseLife in the Depression: Unemployment and Hoovervilles
How unemployment, breadlines, hobos and Hoovervilles shaped everyday life in the Depression.
Unlock Full CourseHoover's Response and the Bonus Marchers
Hoover's volunteerism and limited intervention in the Depression, and the Bonus Marchers of 1932.
Unlock Full CourseRoosevelt and the New Deal, 1933-41 (6 lessons)
Explore roosevelt and the new deal, 1933-41 in History.
Roosevelt's Aims and the Hundred Days
Roosevelt's aims of relief, recovery and reform, the bank holiday, fireside chats and the Hundred Days.
Unlock Full CourseThe Alphabet Agencies: Work and Relief for the Unemployed
How the CCC, FERA, CWA and PWA gave work and relief to the unemployed.
Unlock Full CourseThe Alphabet Agencies: Farming, Industry and the TVA
How the AAA, NRA and TVA tackled farming, industry and poverty in the Tennessee Valley.
Unlock Full CourseThe Second New Deal: The WPA and Social Security
Why Roosevelt launched a second New Deal, the WPA, and the Social Security Act of 1935.
Unlock Full CourseThe Second New Deal: Unions, Banks and Farmers
The Wagner Act, Banking Act of 1935, and help for farmers and rural electricity.
Unlock Full CourseHow Successful Was the New Deal?
Weighing the New Deal's achievements against its shortcomings by 1941, with a 16-mark interpretation question.
Unlock Full CourseThe Opposition to the New Deal (2 lessons)
Explore the opposition to the new deal in History.
Opposition From the Supreme Court, Republicans and Business
Why the Supreme Court, Republicans, business and the Liberty League opposed the New Deal.
Unlock Full CourseRadical Critics: Huey Long and Father Coughlin
Huey Long's Share Our Wealth, Coughlin's Social Justice campaign, and how serious a threat they were.
Unlock Full CourseTheme 12: The Vietnam Conflict, 1945-75
The Struggle Against France for Independence, 1945-54 (3 lessons)
Explore the struggle against france for independence, 1945-54 in History.
Ho Chi Minh, the Vietminh and the First Indochina War
How French rule, Japan and the Vietminh led to Ho Chi Minh's 1945 independence declaration.
Unlock Full CourseGeneral Giap's Tactics and the Search for a Diplomatic Solution
Giap's guerrilla tactics, the failed 1946 talks, the Bao Dai solution and the road to Geneva.
Unlock Full CourseDien Bien Phu and the French Defeat
The French plan, the 1954 siege, why the Vietminh won and the immediate consequences.
Unlock Full CourseUS Policy and Intervention, 1954-64 (4 lessons)
Explore us policy and intervention, 1954-64 in History.
The Geneva Conference and the Domino Theory
The aims at Geneva in 1954, what was agreed, the Domino Theory and South Vietnam.
Unlock Full CourseTwo Vietnams: Life Under Ho Chi Minh and Ngo Dinh Diem
Life in North and South Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh and Diem, and Diem's unpopularity.
Unlock Full CourseThe NLF and the Ho Chi Minh Trail
How the NLF formed to fight Diem, what it wanted, and the Ho Chi Minh Trail.
Unlock Full CourseStrategic Hamlets, the Fall of Diem and the Gulf of Tonkin
Advisers, failed Strategic Hamlets, Diem's fall in 1963 and the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.
Unlock Full CourseConfrontation in the Vietnam War, Escalation 1964-68 (4 lessons)
Explore confrontation in the vietnam war, escalation 1964-68 in History.
Johnson's War: Escalation, McNamara and Westmoreland
How Johnson, McNamara and Westmoreland escalated the Vietnam War by sending combat troops and choosing attrition.
Unlock Full CourseThe Jungle War and Search and Destroy
How Vietcong jungle tactics worked and why Search and Destroy failed to win
Unlock Full CourseOperation Rolling Thunder
Why and how the USA bombed North Vietnam in Operation Rolling Thunder, and why it failed.
Unlock Full CourseKhe Sanh, the Tet Offensive and the Battle of Hue
Khe Sanh, the Tet Offensive, Hue, and why Johnson chose not to stand again.
Unlock Full CourseNixon and Ford's Policies: Vietnamisation, Peace and Communist Victory, 1969-75 (4 lessons)
Explore nixon and ford's policies: vietnamisation, peace and communist victory, 1969-75 in History.
Nixon and Vietnamisation
Why peace talks stalled, Nixon's Vietnamisation, withdrawal by 1973 and the 1972 Easter Offensive.
Unlock Full CourseWidening the War: Cambodia, Laos and the Secret Bombing
Why Nixon widened the Vietnam War into Cambodia and Laos, and the results.
Unlock Full CourseKissinger, China and the Paris Peace Talks
Nixon's talks with China, Kissinger and Le Duc Tho in Paris, and the Peace Accords.
Unlock Full CourseThe Fall of Saigon, 1973-75
Why Saigon fell in 1975: Congress refusing aid, the final offensive and evacuation
Unlock Full CourseThe Impact of Conflict on Civilians in Vietnam and Attitudes in the USA (5 lessons)
Explore the impact of conflict on civilians in vietnam and attitudes in the usa in History.
Hearts and Minds and the Phoenix Programme
How the USA tried to win villagers' support and hunt the Vietcong's hidden organisers
Unlock Full CourseBombing, Defoliation and Vietnam's Civilians
How bombing, napalm and Agent Orange destroyed villages and harmed Vietnam's civilians
Unlock Full CourseThe My Lai Massacre
American soldiers kill hundreds of unarmed villagers, and the army hides it.
Unlock Full CourseOpposition to the War in the USA: University Protests
Why the draft and university protests divided America, and the Kent State shootings of 1970.
Unlock Full CourseMedia Coverage, Pro-War Demonstrations and the Fulbright Hearings
How television covered Vietnam, Nixon's silent majority, the hard hats and the Fulbright Hearings.
Unlock Full CourseTheme 13: East Germany, 1958-90
The Berlin Wall Crisis, 1958-63 (3 lessons)
Explore the berlin wall crisis, 1958-63 in History.
The Refugee Problem and the Origins of the Berlin Wall
Why millions fled East Germany through Berlin and how it damaged the GDR
Unlock Full CourseUlbricht, Khrushchev and the Decision to Build the Wall
How Khrushchev's ultimatum, failed summits and Ulbricht's pressure led to the Berlin Wall in 1961
Unlock Full CourseLiving With the Wall: Security, Escapes and East Berliners
How the Berlin Wall divided families, cost jobs, was guarded and was escaped up to 1963.
Unlock Full CourseStabilisation and Control: The GDR, 1962-87 (6 lessons)
Explore stabilisation and control: the gdr, 1962-87 in History.
Economic Stabilisation: The New Economic System and Comecon
How the Wall, the New Economic System and Comecon stabilised East Germany's economy in the 1960s.
Unlock Full CourseEconomic Problems in the 1980s
How welfare overspending, debt and poor goods caused shortages and queues in 1980s East Germany.
Unlock Full CourseThe Stasi
How the Stasi, its informers, files and methods controlled East Germans and damaged trust.
Unlock Full CourseControlling the Young and the Church
How the GDR controlled young people through the FDJ and Jugendweihe, and pressured the Church.
Unlock Full CoursePropaganda, Censorship, Support and Opposition
How the GDR used propaganda and censorship, and how much support and opposition it faced.
Unlock Full CourseThe GDR, the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc
How Soviet troops, the Warsaw Pact, Honecker's rise and Soviet oil tied the GDR to Moscow.
Unlock Full CourseLife in the GDR: Social Change, 1962-87 (4 lessons)
Explore life in the gdr: social change, 1962-87 in History.
Work and Housing in the GDR
Guaranteed jobs, workplace brigades, cheap rents and Plattenbau housing in the GDR, plus its shortages.
Unlock Full CourseEducation and Welfare in the GDR
The GDR's polytechnic schools, political teaching, limited university places, free health care, pensions and subsidised prices.
Unlock Full CourseThe Changing Role of Women in the GDR
Women in the GDR: jobs, childcare, maternity support, the double burden and few women leaders.
Unlock Full CourseHonecker, GDR Identity, the Media and Sport
How Honecker built a GDR identity using television, newspapers and Olympic sport
Unlock Full CourseOstpolitik: Relations With the Federal Republic, 1969-87 (3 lessons)
Explore ostpolitik: relations with the federal republic, 1969-87 in History.
Ostpolitik and the Agreements of 1970-72
Brandt's Ostpolitik and the treaties of 1970-72, ending in the Basic Treaty between the two Germanys
Unlock Full CourseTravel, Contact and Western Money
How travel, contact and Western loans and money changed life and the economy in the GDR.
Unlock Full CourseInternational Recognition and State Visits
How the GDR won UN membership, embassies, Helsinki and Honecker's 1987 visit
Unlock Full CourseThe Peaceful Revolution, 1987-90 (4 lessons)
Explore the peaceful revolution, 1987-90 in History.
Gorbachev and the Protest Movements
How Gorbachev's reforms and the church-based protest groups challenged Honecker's East Germany in the late 1980s.
Unlock Full Course1989: Open Borders and the Decline of Honecker
How open borders, Leipzig protests and Gorbachev's visit brought down Honecker in 1989.
Unlock Full CourseKrenz and the Opening of the Berlin Wall
How Krenz faced pressure and the confused 9 November 1989 announcement opened the Berlin Wall.
Unlock Full CourseThe End of the GDR and German Reunification
How the SED government collapsed, the March 1990 election, currency union and German reunification.
Unlock Full CourseTheme 14: America: From New Nation to Divided Union, 1783-1877
Building a New Nation, 1783-1809 (4 lessons)
Explore building a new nation, 1783-1809 in History.
A New Nation in Trouble: Shays' Rebellion
How the weak Articles of Confederation government led to Shays' Rebellion and calls for reform.
Unlock Full CourseThe Constitutional Convention and the Connecticut Compromise
Why the Philadelphia convention met, the large-small state clash, the Connecticut Compromise and slavery deals.
Unlock Full CourseFederalists Against Anti-Federalists and the Bill of Rights
Federalists against Anti-Federalists, the Federalist Papers, ratifying the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
Unlock Full CourseHamilton Against Jefferson and the '1800 Revolution'
Hamilton's national bank, Strict versus Loose readings of the Constitution, States' Rights and Jefferson's 1800 Revolution.
Unlock Full CourseWestward Expansion and Native American Removal, 1803-49 (6 lessons)
Explore westward expansion and native american removal, 1803-49 in History.
The Louisiana Purchase and the Transcontinental Treaty
The Louisiana Purchase, the Transcontinental Treaty and opposition from Spain and Britain to westward expansion.
Unlock Full CourseThe Missouri Compromise
Why Missouri's statehood split Congress, the 1820 Compromise, the 36°30′ line and the free-slave balance.
Unlock Full CourseThe Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears
Why Native Americans were removed, how they resisted, and the Trail of Tears.
Unlock Full CourseManifest Destiny and the Oregon Trail
Manifest Destiny, the Oregon Trail, British opposition and the 1846 Oregon Treaty at the 49th parallel.
Unlock Full CourseTexas: Migration, Annexation and War With Mexico
Why settlers moved to Texas, the Alamo, annexation in 1845 and the war with Mexico.
Unlock Full CourseThe California Gold Rush
Why gold in California mattered: the rush of people, its victims, free-state statehood and expansion's problems.
Unlock Full CourseSlavery, the South and the Causes of Secession, 1850-61 (4 lessons)
Explore slavery, the south and the causes of secession, 1850-61 in History.
The Compromise of 1850
Why California and Texas forced a deal in 1850, its parts and the Fugitive Slave Act.
Unlock Full CourseKansas-Nebraska, Bleeding Kansas and the Dred Scott Case
How Kansas-Nebraska, Bleeding Kansas and Dred Scott pushed North and South further apart.
Unlock Full CourseNorth and South: The Economic Roots of Division
Why North and South drifted apart: industry and free labour against cotton and slavery
Unlock Full CourseJohn Brown, Lincoln's Election and Fort Sumter
How John Brown, Lincoln's election and Fort Sumter turned the slavery quarrel into secession and war
Unlock Full CourseCivil War and the End of Slavery, 1861-65 (5 lessons)
Explore civil war and the end of slavery, 1861-65 in History.
The Two Sides and the Union Naval Blockade
Compare Union and Confederate strengths in 1861 and see how the naval blockade squeezed the South.
Unlock Full CourseLee, Grant and the Turning Points of 1863
Compare Lee and Grant as leaders and see how Gettysburg and Vicksburg turned the war.
Unlock Full CourseSherman's March Through Georgia and the Ruin of the South
How Sherman took Atlanta, marched through Georgia and helped ruin the South before Lee surrendered.
Unlock Full CourseLincoln and Davis: Emancipation and the Gettysburg Address
How Lincoln and Davis led their sides, the Emancipation Proclamation, black soldiers and the Gettysburg Address.
Unlock Full CourseWhy the Union Won the Civil War
Why the Union won the Civil War, weighed reason by reason, plus slavery 1820-65.
Unlock Full CourseA More Perfect Union? 1865-77 (4 lessons)
Explore a more perfect union? 1865-77 in History.
Andrew Johnson and the Reconstruction Act of 1867
How Johnson's lenient plan clashed with Congress, leading to the Reconstruction Act of 1867 and impeachment.
Unlock Full CourseThe Freedmen's Bureau and the Black Codes
The Freedmen's Bureau, Black Codes, sharecropping and Klan terror in the post-war South.
Unlock Full CourseThe Civil Rights Acts and the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments
The Civil Rights Acts, the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments, and the end of Reconstruction.
Unlock Full CourseGrant's Peace Policy and Custer's Last Stand
Why Grant's Peace Policy failed, the Little Bighorn in 1876, and the themes of 1783-1877.
Unlock Full CourseTheme 15: Changes in Medicine, c1848-c1948
Progress in the Mid-19th Century: Nightingale, Chadwick, Snow and Simpson (5 lessons)
Explore progress in the mid-19th century: nightingale, chadwick, snow and simpson in History.
Medicine in 1848: Why Progress Was So Slow
Why medicine progressed so slowly around 1848: miasma, laissez-faire, poor training and limited technology.
Unlock Full CourseFlorence Nightingale at Scutari
Florence Nightingale at Scutari: conditions in 1854, her changes, and the fall in deaths.
Unlock Full CourseDangers in Surgery and Simpson's Chloroform
Dangers of surgery in 1848, ether, Simpson's chloroform, opposition, Queen Victoria and the black period.
Unlock Full CourseChadwick and the Public Health Act of 1848
Industrial town health problems, Chadwick's 1842 report, and why the 1848 Act achieved little
Unlock Full CourseCholera and John Snow's Broad Street Pump
Cholera epidemics, Snow's water theory, the Broad Street pump and why people doubted him
Unlock Full CourseDiscovery and Development, 1860-75: Lister and Pasteur (5 lessons)
Explore discovery and development, 1860-75: lister and pasteur in History.
Pasteur and the Germ Theory
Pasteur's experiments, the 1861 germ theory, its effects, and slow acceptance by British doctors.
Unlock Full CourseLister and Antiseptic Surgery
How Lister used carbolic acid to cut infection in surgery, and the opposition he met
Unlock Full CourseThe Public Health Act of 1875
Why attitudes to public health changed and how the compulsory 1875 Act made councils act
Unlock Full CourseNightingale, Hospitals and the Training of Nurses
How Nightingale's book, nursing school and hospital design made nursing a trained profession
Unlock Full CourseElizabeth Garrett and Women in Medicine
How Elizabeth Garrett qualified, opened a women's hospital, and the 1876 Act
Unlock Full CourseAccelerating Change, 1875-1905: Ehrlich, Koch and Chemistry (5 lessons)
Explore accelerating change, 1875-1905: ehrlich, koch and chemistry in History.
Koch and the Hunt for Germs
How Koch stained and grew bacteria to link germs to diseases, plus Pasteur's vaccines
Unlock Full CourseFrom Antiseptic to Aseptic Surgery
How surgeons moved from killing germs with carbolic to keeping them out with sterile methods
Unlock Full CourseCleaner Towns: The Impact of the 1875 Public Health Act
What the 1875 Public Health Act achieved in towns by 1900, and what still remained
Unlock Full CourseBlood Groups, Magic Bullets and Paul Ehrlich
Landsteiner's blood groups, Ehrlich's magic bullet idea and the search for Salvarsan 606
Unlock Full CourseMarie Curie and Radioactivity
How Marie Curie discovered polonium and radium and began radiotherapy for cancer
Unlock Full CourseGovernment Action and War, 1905-20 (4 lessons)
Explore government action and war, 1905-20 in History.
The Liberal Reforms and Public Health, 1906-11
How the Liberal reforms of 1906-11 helped children, the old and workers, and their limits.
Unlock Full CourseWomen in Medicine and the First World War
How the First World War opened new roles for women doctors, nurses and VADs
Unlock Full CourseSurgery and X-Rays in the First World War
How the First World War improved surgery: splints, plastic surgery, brain surgery and mobile X-rays
Unlock Full CourseBlood Transfusion and Fighting Infection in the First World War
How citrated blood, blood depots and wound cleaning fought blood loss and gas gangrene in wartime
Unlock Full CourseAdvances in Medicine, Surgery and Public Health, 1920-48: The NHS (4 lessons)
Explore advances in medicine, surgery and public health, 1920-48: the nhs in History.
Fleming and the Discovery of Penicillin
How Fleming noticed penicillin in 1928 and why it was not followed up at first
Unlock Full CourseFlorey, Chain and the Mass Production of Penicillin
How Florey and Chain made penicillin a drug and America mass produced it
Unlock Full CourseSurgery, Blood and Women in the Second World War
How McIndoe's skin grafts, blood banks and women doctors changed medicine in the Second World War.
Unlock Full CourseBeveridge and the National Health Service
Beveridge's 1942 report, Bevan's NHS of 1948, and how medicine changed c1848-c1948
Unlock Full CourseTheme 16: Japan in Transformation, 1853-1945
Japan Opening Up to China and the West, 1853-67 (3 lessons)
Explore japan opening up to china and the west, 1853-67 in History.
The Perry Mission and the Opening of Japan's Ports
Tokugawa seclusion, Commodore Perry's mission, the Treaty of Kanagawa and the unequal treaties of 1858
Unlock Full CourseAfter Perry: Political, Economic and Social Effects
Why the shogun weakened, gold drained away, prices rose and foreigners were attacked
Unlock Full CourseThe Fall of the Tokugawa: Choshu and Satsuma
Why the Tokugawa shogunate fell: a weak bakufu, Choshu, Satsuma and their 1866 alliance
Unlock Full CourseTransformation, 1867-1895 (4 lessons)
Explore transformation, 1867-1895 in History.
Meiji Japan: A New Economy and Society
How the Meiji government remade Japan: Charter Oath, end of the domains, conscription, land tax, schools
Unlock Full CourseCultural Upheaval and the Breakup of the Restoration Coalition, 1873
How Western customs reached Japan, why the Restoration Coalition split over Korea, and the Satsuma Rebellion
Unlock Full CourseThe Meiji Constitution
How pressure for a parliament and the German model produced the Meiji Constitution and first election
Unlock Full CourseMeiji Culture: Civilisation, Enlightenment and Christianity
How Meiji Japan copied the West in schools, ideas and religion, then turned back to tradition
Unlock Full CourseAn Emerging Power, 1895-1919 (6 lessons)
Explore an emerging power, 1895-1919 in History.
Japan's Industrial and Commercial Revolution
How the Meiji state, the zaibatsu and women mill workers built Japan's modern industry
Unlock Full CourseThe Sino-Japanese War and the Boxer Rebellion
How Japan beat China in 1894-95, faced the Triple Intervention and helped crush the Boxers
Unlock Full CourseThe Anglo-Japanese Alliance, the Russo-Japanese War and Korea
How Britain allied with Japan, Japan beat Russia in 1904-05 and then took over Korea
Unlock Full CourseEmperor Taisho and Taisho Democracy
How the genro faded, party government rose and Hara Kei became Japan's first commoner prime minister
Unlock Full CourseTaisho Culture and Society: Youth, Women, Village and City
How schools, magazines, modern girls, city life and the villages show change in Taisho Japan
Unlock Full CourseJapan, the First World War and the Treaty of Versailles
How Japan gained from the First World War and Versailles, but was refused racial equality
Unlock Full CoursePolitical and Economic Challenges, 1919-31 (3 lessons)
Explore political and economic challenges, 1919-31 in History.
The Vote, the Labour Movement and the Public Security Preservation Law
How all men over 25 won the vote and unions faced a security law
Unlock Full CourseThe Great Kanto Earthquake and Economic Decline in the 1920s
How the slump, the Great Kanto Earthquake and bank crisis weakened Japan's economy
Unlock Full CourseThe World Depression Hits Japan
How the world Depression hit Japan's silk, jobs and villages and shook trust in politicians
Unlock Full CourseDepression, Empire and Collapse, 1931-45 (6 lessons)
Explore depression, empire and collapse, 1931-45 in History.
Tenko: Rejecting Communism
How the government crushed communism after 1928 and pressed people to conform, 1928-36
Unlock Full CourseThe Return to Military Dictatorship in the 1930s
How the Depression, nationalist plots and the 1936 coup ended party government in Japan.
Unlock Full CourseManchukuo and the League of Nations
How Japan seized Manchuria, set up Manchukuo and left the League of Nations.
Unlock Full CourseStrained Relations With the USA and the Co-Prosperity Sphere
Japan promises Asia for the Asians while heading for war with America.
Unlock Full CourseKonoe's New Order: Life at Home and in Occupied Countries
How Konoe's New Order reshaped daily life in Japan and under Japanese rule abroad.
Unlock Full CourseHiroshima, Nagasaki and the Surrender of the Showa Emperor
Hiroshima, Nagasaki, the Emperor's surrender broadcast, and Japan's story from 1853 to 1945
Unlock Full CourseTheme 17: China: Conflict, Crisis and Change, 1900-89
The Fall of the Qing, Warlordism and Chaos, 1900-34 (5 lessons)
Explore the fall of the qing, warlordism and chaos, 1900-34 in History.
The Boxer Uprising and the Late Qing Reforms
China under the Qing in 1900, the Boxer Uprising and the reforms that followed
Unlock Full CourseThe 1911 Revolution
Why the Qing fell in 1911, the Wuchang rising, abdication and Yuan Shikai's rise
Unlock Full CourseChina Under the Warlords and the May the Fourth Movement
How warlords divided China after 1916 and why the May the Fourth Movement began
Unlock Full CourseSun Yat-sen, the Guomindang and the Birth of the Chinese Communist Party
Sun Yat-sen's Guomindang, the birth of the CCP and the United Front with Soviet help
Unlock Full CourseChiang Kai-shek: The Northern Expedition, Shanghai and the Extermination Campaigns
Chiang Kai-shek's Northern Expedition, the Shanghai Massacres, Jiangxi and the Extermination Campaigns, 1926-34
Unlock Full CourseThe Triumph of Mao and the CCP, 1934-49 (4 lessons)
Explore the triumph of mao and the ccp, 1934-49 in History.
The Long March, 1934-35
The Long March of 1934-35: the breakout, Zunyi Conference, Luding Bridge and its importance
Unlock Full CourseWar With Japan, 1937-45: The Red Army and the Guomindang
How the Red Army's guerrilla war and the Guomindang's weaknesses shaped China's war with Japan
Unlock Full CourseThe Civil War, 1946-49, and the Battle of Huai-Hai
The events of China's Civil War 1946-49, the Battle of Huai-Hai and the People's Republic
Unlock Full CourseWhy Mao and the CCP Won the Civil War
Military, political, economic and social reasons the CCP won the Civil War, and China's themes 1900-49
Unlock Full CourseChange Under Mao, 1949-63 (7 lessons)
Explore change under mao, 1949-63 in History.
Land Reform, Cooperatives and Collectives
Attack on landlords, the 1950 Agrarian Reform Law, and the steps to collectives by 1956
Unlock Full CourseChina's First Five-Year Plan and Soviet Influence
The 1950 Soviet treaty and loan, the first Five-Year Plan 1953-57, and Soviet influence on China
Unlock Full CourseChanges in the Role of Women in Mao's China
The 1950 Marriage Law, the end of foot binding, women at work, and limits
Unlock Full CourseThought Reform and the Three-Anti and Five-Anti Campaigns
The one-party state, Thought Reform, and the Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns of 1951-52
Unlock Full CourseThe Hundred Flowers Campaign
Why Mao invited criticism in 1956-57 and how the Anti-Rightist Campaign followed
Unlock Full CourseThe Great Leap Forward: Reasons and Key Features
Why Mao launched the Great Leap Forward in 1958 and its communes, furnaces and projects
Unlock Full CourseThe Great Leap Forward: Famine and Failure
How the Great Leap Forward failed: false reports, famine, Lushan, and recovery under Liu and Deng
Unlock Full CourseThe Cultural Revolution and Its Impact, 1965-76 (4 lessons)
Explore the cultural revolution and its impact, 1965-76 in History.
The Sino-Soviet Split and the Chinese Economy
Why Mao and Khrushchev fell out, the 1960 Soviet withdrawal and China's turn to self-reliance
Unlock Full CourseMao's Motives for the Cultural Revolution
Why Mao launched the Cultural Revolution: lost power, the capitalist road, the young and rivals
Unlock Full CourseThe Red Guards, Education and the Cult of Mao
The Red Guards, the attack on the Four Olds, closed schools and the cult of Mao
Unlock Full CourseThe Impact of the Cultural Revolution on China and on Mao
Disorder, army control, youth sent to villages, lost education, and Mao's position after 1966
Unlock Full CourseChina, 1976-89 (5 lessons)
Explore china, 1976-89 in History.
The Rise and Fall of the Gang of Four
The Gang of Four, the struggle after Mao's death, their arrest and trial, and Deng's return
Unlock Full CourseDeng's Economic Reforms: Agriculture, Industry and Privatisation
Deng's reforms in farming and industry, Special Economic Zones, foreign investment and early privatisation
Unlock Full CourseDeng's China: Education, Birth Control and Westernisation
Deng's changes in university exams, study abroad, the one-child policy and Western influence in China
Unlock Full CourseThe Democracy Wall, Wei Jingsheng and Deng's Opposition to Political Reform
The Democracy Wall, Wei Jingsheng and why Deng opposed political reform in China, 1978-80
Unlock Full CourseStudent Protest and Tiananmen Square, 1989
Student protests from 1986, Tiananmen Square in 1989, its aftermath, and China's themes, 1900-89
Unlock Full CourseTheme 18: The Changing Role of International Organisations: The League and the UN, 1919-c2011
The Creation and Successes of the League, 1919-29 (4 lessons)
Explore the creation and successes of the league, 1919-29 in History.
Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the League of Nations
How Wilson's Fourteen Points led to the League, its Covenant, and why the USA stayed out
Unlock Full CourseHow the League Worked: Assembly, Council and Secretariat
How the League's Assembly, Council and Secretariat worked, its agencies, and its powers without an army
Unlock Full CourseThe League's Successes in the 1920s: Aaland, Upper Silesia and Bulgaria
Three League successes of the 1920s: Aaland Islands, Upper Silesia and Greek-Bulgarian War, and why
Unlock Full CourseThe Refugee and Drugs Committees in the 1920s
Nansen's refugee work, the Nansen passport, the Drugs Committee, and the League in 1929 versus 1919
Unlock Full CourseThe League Challenged, 1930-39 (4 lessons)
Explore the league challenged, 1930-39 in History.
The Great Powers and the League's Weaknesses in the 1930s
Why Britain, France, the missing USA, the Depression and the veto left the League weak
Unlock Full CourseThe League Fails in Manchuria, 1931-33
Japan's invasion of Manchuria, the Lytton report, Japan leaving the League and why nothing more happened
Unlock Full CourseThe League Fails in Abyssinia, 1935-36
Italy's invasion of Abyssinia, weak sanctions, the Hoare-Laval Pact and the damage to the League
Unlock Full CourseThe League's Agencies in the 1930s: Child Welfare and Slavery
The League's Child Welfare Committee and slavery commissions, and its strengths and weaknesses, 1919-39
Unlock Full CourseSetting Up the United Nations Organisation and Its Work to 1964 (7 lessons)
Explore setting up the united nations organisation and its work to 1964 in History.
Setting Up the United Nations and the UN Charter
How the UN was planned, set up at San Francisco in 1945, and its built-in problems
Unlock Full CourseHow the UN Works: Assembly, Security Council and Peacekeepers
How the UN Assembly, Security Council, Secretariat and peacekeepers worked, and their limits
Unlock Full CourseHuman Rights, Refugees and the ILO
How the UN handled human rights, labour, refugees, colonies and disarmament, building on the League
Unlock Full CourseThe UN's Agencies: WHO, FAO, UNESCO and UNICEF
Learn what the WHO, FAO, UNESCO and UNICEF did and how they built on the League.
Unlock Full CourseThe UN in Palestine, 1947-49
Learn how the UN handled Palestine: partition, mediators, armistices, observers and refugees.
Unlock Full CourseThe UN and the Korean War, 1950-53
Learn how the UN acted in the Korean War, from the Soviet boycott to the armistice.
Unlock Full CourseThe UN in the Congo, 1960-64
Learn how the UN acted in the Congo crisis and judge its first twenty years.
Unlock Full CourseThe UN Challenged, 1967-89 (4 lessons)
Explore the un challenged, 1967-89 in History.
The UN and the Middle East: Resolutions 242 and 338
Learn what UN Resolutions 242 and 338 said and why they failed to bring peace.
Unlock Full CourseThe UN and Lebanon, 1975-85
Learn how the UN force UNIFIL tried and failed to stop Israel's invasions of Lebanon.
Unlock Full CourseNamibia, 1989: A UN Success
Learn how the UN supervised Namibia's ceasefire, elections and independence, ending South African rule.
Unlock Full CourseThe Permanent Five, the Veto and the Agencies, 1967-89
Learn how the veto blocked the UN, how WHO ended smallpox, and weigh up the UN.
Unlock Full CourseThe UN at Bay, 1990-2011 (5 lessons)
Explore the un at bay, 1990-2011 in History.
The UN in Somalia, 1991-95
Learn why the UN's mission in Somalia saved lives but failed to bring peace.
Unlock Full CourseThe UN in Bosnia and the Balkans, 1991-99
Learn how the UN struggled to protect Bosnia's safe areas and how NATO ended the war.
Unlock Full CourseThe UN in Mozambique and Sudan
How the UN helped end civil wars in Mozambique and Sudan
Unlock Full CourseThe UN and the Gulf Wars
How the UN backed force to free Kuwait and divided over Iraq in 2003
Unlock Full CourseObstacles to Success and the UN's Agencies, 1990-2011
Why the UN fell short after 1990 and how its agencies carried on
Unlock Full CourseTheme 19: The Changing Nature of Warfare and International Conflict, 1919-2011
The Changing Nature of Warfare, 1919-39 (3 lessons)
Explore the changing nature of warfare, 1919-39 in History.
Warfare After 1918: Gas, Tanks and Heavy Artillery
How armies learned from gas, tanks and heavy artillery after 1918, and what changed by 1939
Unlock Full CourseSubmarines and Military Aircraft Between the Wars
How submarines and military aircraft developed between the wars, and why the bomber seemed unstoppable
Unlock Full CourseGuerrilla Tactics in the Spanish Civil War
How Republican guerrillas fought in Spain's civil war and how warfare changed by 1939
Unlock Full CourseChanging Methods of Warfare by Land, Air and Sea, 1939-45 (6 lessons)
Explore changing methods of warfare by land, air and sea, 1939-45 in History.
Blitzkrieg in Europe
How Blitzkrieg combined tanks, aircraft and radio to win in Poland and France
Unlock Full CourseThe Battle of Britain and the Blitz
How radar and fighters won the Battle of Britain and what the Blitz did to Britain
Unlock Full CourseV Weapons and the Allied Bombing of Germany
How the Allies bombed Germany by night and day, and what the V-1 and V-2 were
Unlock Full CourseU-Boat Warfare in the Atlantic
How wolf packs threatened Britain's supplies and how the Allies won the Atlantic by 1943
Unlock Full CourseD-Day, Arnhem and the French Resistance
How D-Day, Arnhem and the French Resistance changed warfare in 1944, and how to compare them
Unlock Full CourseAircraft Carriers in the Pacific War
How aircraft carriers won the Pacific War, and how warfare changed 1939 to 1945
Unlock Full CourseNew Forms of Conflict: Nuclear and Guerrilla War Versus Conventional War, 1945-75 (5 lessons)
Explore new forms of conflict: nuclear and guerrilla war versus conventional war, 1945-75 in History.
Why the Atom Bombs Were Dropped in 1945
Why the USA dropped atom bombs on Japan in 1945, and what they did
Unlock Full CourseThe Nuclear Arms Race, Delivery Systems and MAD
How the nuclear arms race grew, how weapons were delivered, and MAD theory
Unlock Full CourseArms Limitation and Reduction Talks
Nuclear proliferation and the Test Ban, Non-Proliferation and SALT I treaties, and what they achieved
Unlock Full CourseConventional War in the Arab-Israeli Conflicts
How air strikes and tanks won in 1967, and missiles hit them back in 1973
Unlock Full CourseSuperpower Against Guerrillas: The Vietnam War
How the Vietcong beat American technology in Vietnam, and warfare from 1945 to 1975
Unlock Full CourseConventional War and the Development of 'New' Wars, 1976-2000 (4 lessons)
Explore conventional war and the development of 'new' wars, 1976-2000 in History.
The Soviet War in Afghanistan
How Soviet tanks and helicopters fought the mujahideen, and why the USSR left Afghanistan
Unlock Full CourseThe Falklands War and Aircraft Carrier Warfare
How Britain's task force, jump jets, a nuclear submarine and Exocet missiles shaped the Falklands War
Unlock Full CourseStar Wars and the End of the Nuclear Arms Race
New missiles in Europe, Reagan's Star Wars plan, and the treaties that ended the arms race
Unlock Full CourseThe First Gulf War and Nuclear Submarines
How technology won the first Gulf War, and how warfare changed 1976 to 2000
Unlock Full CourseChanging Methods of Warfare at the Beginning of the 21st Century, 2000-2011 (3 lessons)
Explore changing methods of warfare at the beginning of the 21st century, 2000-2011 in History.
Terrorism and 9/11
How 9/11 and the War on Terror changed warfare, and the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan
Unlock Full CourseHigh-Tech Warfare and 'Surgical' Air Strikes
How satellite-guided and laser-guided air strikes were used in Afghanistan and Iraq, and their limits
Unlock Full CourseDrone Wars and Unmanned Land Vehicles
How armed drones and bomb-disposal robots were used after 9/11, and the arguments about them
Unlock Full CourseTheme 20: The Middle East: Conflict, Crisis and Change, 1917-2012
Build Up of Tension in Palestine, 1917-46 (3 lessons)
Explore build up of tension in palestine, 1917-46 in History.
The Balfour Declaration and Jewish Immigration
How Britain's wartime promises, the Balfour Declaration and the Mandate shaped Jewish immigration to Palestine
Unlock Full CourseClashes in Palestine and the Peel Commission
Riots, the Arab Revolt, the Peel Commission partition plan and the 1939 White Paper
Unlock Full CourseArab and Jewish Terrorism and the King David Hotel
Arab armed bands, the Irgun and Lehi, the King David Hotel bombing and Palestine in 1946
Unlock Full CourseThe Creation of Israel, the War of 1948-49 and the Suez Crisis of 1956 (5 lessons)
Explore the creation of israel, the war of 1948-49 and the suez crisis of 1956 in History.
Britain Hands Over to the UN: The Partition Plan
Why Britain handed Palestine to the UN, the 1947 partition plan, and Israel declared in 1948
Unlock Full CourseThe First Arab-Israeli War, 1948-49
The 1948-49 Arab-Israeli War: invasion, stages, armistice lines and why Israel won
Unlock Full CoursePalestinian Refugees, the Law of Return and Border Raids
Why Palestinians became refugees, the Law of Return of 1950, and border raids and reprisals
Unlock Full CourseNasser and the Nationalisation of the Suez Canal
Why Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal Company in July 1956: nationalism, the Aswan Dam and arms
Unlock Full CourseThe Suez Crisis: Attack, Withdrawal and Results
The Anglo-French-Israeli attack on Egypt in 1956, the UN and superpowers, and the results
Unlock Full CourseTension and Conflict, 1956-73 (6 lessons)
Explore tension and conflict, 1956-73 in History.
Nasser, Arab Aims and the Road to War in 1967
Why raids, Syria and the closed Straits of Tiran pushed Egypt and Israel towards war
Unlock Full CourseThe Six-Day War, 1967
How Israel's surprise attack in June 1967 won Sinai, Gaza, West Bank, Golan
Unlock Full CourseAfter 1967: The War's Impact on Israel and the Arab States
How the 1967 war affected Israel and the Arab states: settlements, refugees, Khartoum, Nasser's decline.
Unlock Full CourseArafat, the PLO, Black September and Munich
How Arafat and the PLO, hijackings, Black September and Munich made Palestinian resistance important after 1967.
Unlock Full CourseThe Yom Kippur War, 1973
Why Egypt and Syria attacked in 1973, early Arab success, Israeli recovery, and the war's effects.
Unlock Full CourseThe Cold War and the Arab-Israeli Conflict
How the USA and USSR backed opposite sides and balanced rivalry with restraint, 1956-73.
Unlock Full CourseDiplomacy, Peace Then Wider War, 1973-83 (4 lessons)
Explore diplomacy, peace then wider war, 1973-83 in History.
Kissinger and Shuttle Diplomacy, 1973-75
Kissinger's shuttle diplomacy, the oil embargo and the 1974-75 agreements in Sinai and the Golan.
Unlock Full CourseThe Road to Camp David: Sadat, Begin and Carter
Why Sadat, Begin and Carter moved towards the 1978 Camp David summit.
Unlock Full CourseThe Camp David Agreements: Terms and Results
The terms and results of the Camp David Agreements, the 1979 treaty and Sadat's assassination.
Unlock Full CourseWar in Lebanon, 1982-83, and the PLO
Why Israel invaded Lebanon in 1982, the PLO's exile, Sabra and Shatila, and Hezbollah.
Unlock Full CourseThe Attempts to Find a Lasting Peace, 1987-2012 (5 lessons)
Explore the attempts to find a lasting peace, 1987-2012 in History.
The First Intifada
Why Palestinians rose up in 1987 and how it affected the PLO and Hamas
Unlock Full CourseThe Oslo Peace Accords, 1993
Why Israel and the PLO made peace in 1993, the Oslo terms and results
Unlock Full CourseRabin's Assassination, Netanyahu, Hamas and Hezbollah
Rabin's murder, Netanyahu's opposition to Oslo, Hamas and Hezbollah, and how attacks and settlements slowed peace
Unlock Full CourseThe Second Intifada and the Roadmap for Peace
Causes of the second Intifada, the 2003 Roadmap for Peace and why it failed
Unlock Full CourseThe Gaza War, 2008-09
Gaza blockade, the 2008-09 war and its effects, and the peace process by 2012
Unlock Full CourseTheme 21: Diversity, Rights and Equality in Britain, 1914-2010
The Fight for Recognition, 1914-1928 (5 lessons)
Explore the fight for recognition, 1914-1928 in History.
Britain in 1914: Race, Gender, Disability and Class
Race, gender, disability and class in Britain in 1914, and pressures for change before the war
Unlock Full CourseThe First World War: Women and the Working Classes
How the First World War changed work, pay and attitudes for women and the working classes
Unlock Full CourseThe First World War: Ethnic Minorities and Disabled People
How the First World War affected ethnic minorities and disabled people in Britain
Unlock Full CourseVotes for Women and the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act
How women won the vote in 1918 and 1928 and entered the professions
Unlock Full CourseThe Education Act 1918 and the Aliens Restriction (Amendment) Act 1919
How two 1918-19 laws affected schooling and foreign nationals, and Britain in 1914 versus 1928
Unlock Full CourseThe Impact of Depression and War, 1928-45 (6 lessons)
Explore the impact of depression and war, 1928-45 in History.
Unemployment, Class and the Jarrow Crusade
How unemployment, the means test and the Jarrow Crusade showed class divides in 1930s Britain
Unlock Full CourseGender, Disability and Eugenics Between the Wars
Women's job limits, disabled people in institutions, and the discredited idea of eugenics in 1930s Britain
Unlock Full CourseImmigration, Ethnic Tensions and the British Union of Fascists
Jewish refugees in the 1930s, the BUF, Cable Street and the Public Order Act
Unlock Full CourseThe Second World War: National Service and the Treatment of Aliens
National service for men and women, and the tribunals and internment of aliens, 1939-40
Unlock Full CourseThe Colour Bar and the Case of Learie Constantine
Empire volunteers and workers in WWII, the colour bar, and Learie Constantine's 1944 case
Unlock Full CourseThe Disabled Persons (Employment) Act 1944
Why the 1944 Disabled Persons Act was passed, its register and quota, and its limits
Unlock Full CourseConsequences of War and the End of Empire, 1944-62 (6 lessons)
Explore consequences of war and the end of empire, 1944-62 in History.
Butler's Education Act and the Start of the NHS
What Butler's 1944 Education Act and the 1948 NHS changed for class, gender and opportunity
Unlock Full CourseWindrush and Commonwealth Immigrants
Why Commonwealth immigrants came to Britain, their work, the prejudice they met, and the 1958 riots
Unlock Full CourseClaudia Jones and the Caribbean Carnival
Claudia Jones, the West Indian Gazette and the 1959 Caribbean Carnival, and why they mattered
Unlock Full CourseBarriers to Change: The Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962
Why the 1962 Act limited Commonwealth immigration, how vouchers worked, and what effects followed
Unlock Full CourseWomen and Sexual Minorities, 1944-62: The Wolfenden Report
Why women's work and pay changed, and why the 1957 Wolfenden Report was written and received
Unlock Full CourseLudwig Guttmann and the Paralympic Games Movement
How Ludwig Guttmann and Stoke Mandeville began the Paralympic movement and changed attitudes
Unlock Full CourseChanges in Civil Rights, c1962-1986 (7 lessons)
Explore changes in civil rights, c1962-1986 in History.
Feminism, Dagenham and the Equal Pay and Sex Discrimination Acts
How feminism, the Dagenham strike and two new laws tackled unequal pay and sex discrimination
Unlock Full CourseThe Bristol Bus Boycott and the Race Relations Act 1965
How the Bristol Bus Boycott and the Race Relations Acts tackled racial discrimination in Britain
Unlock Full CourseBarriers to Change: Enoch Powell and the Immigration Act 1971
How Enoch Powell, the National Front and the 1971 Immigration Act acted as barriers to change
Unlock Full CourseComprehensive Schools and University Grants
How comprehensive schools, university grants and the Open University changed opportunities by class and gender
Unlock Full CourseRights for Disabled People: The 1970 Act and the Warnock Report
How the 1970 Act and Warnock Report changed rights and schooling for disabled people
Unlock Full CourseThe Sexual Offences Act 1967 and Rights for Sexual Minorities
The 1967 Sexual Offences Act, its limits, and the first gay rights campaigns of the 1970s
Unlock Full CourseHow Far Was There a Social Revolution, 1962-86?
How far Britain's social revolution of 1962-86 went: reasons for change, barriers, and judging the extent
Unlock Full CourseChanges in Opportunity and Culture, 1986-2010 (7 lessons)
Explore changes in opportunity and culture, 1986-2010 in History.
The Drive for Equal Rights and the National Council for Civil Liberties
How Liberty campaigned for everyone's rights and why the Human Rights Act (1998) was passed
Unlock Full CourseThe Stephen Lawrence Case and Institutional Racism
Why the Stephen Lawrence investigation failed, the Macpherson Report on institutional racism, and what changed
Unlock Full CourseThird-Wave Feminism and Continuing Sexism
Third-wave feminism, women in Parliament, the pay gap and the glass ceiling from the 1990s
Unlock Full CourseSection 28 and the LGBT Foundation
Section 28, the campaign against it, the LGBT Foundation and the legal changes won by 2010
Unlock Full CourseDisabled People's Rights and Disability Discrimination
The BCODP, disability discrimination as a barrier, and the Disability Discrimination Act of 1995
Unlock Full CourseDiversity in the Arts, Culture and Education
How diversity changed British arts, culture and education, and why it was significant
Unlock Full CourseContinuing Barriers and the Equality Act 2010
Religious intolerance, continuing inequality, the Equality Act 2010, and how far Britain changed 1914-2010
Unlock Full CourseTheme 22: Exam Skills
How the Exam Works (2 lessons)
Explore how the exam works in History.
How Your History Exam Works: Papers, Options and Timing
How the two papers work, question marks, choices and a timing plan
Unlock Full CourseWhat Examiners Reward: Assessment Objectives and Levels
The four assessment objectives, their weightings, key concepts, and how levels marking works
Unlock Full CoursePaper 1 Question Types (3 lessons)
Explore paper 1 question types in History.
Paper 1 Question (a): What Impression Does the Author Give?
How to answer Paper 1 (a): the impression an author gives, using language, tone and selection
Unlock Full CoursePaper 1 Question (b): Explain Two Effects
How to answer Paper 1 (b): explain two effects using point, evidence, explain paragraphs
Unlock Full CoursePaper 1 Question (c): The 16-Mark How Far Do You Agree Essay
How to answer the 16-mark how far do you agree essay with a judgement
Unlock Full CoursePaper 2 Section A Question Types (3 lessons)
Explore paper 2 section a question types in History.
Paper 2 Section A Question (a): Describe Two Features
How to answer the 6-mark describe two features question in Paper 2 Section A
Unlock Full CoursePaper 2 Section A Question (b): How Far Does Source A Support Source B?
How to answer the 8-mark Paper 2 Section A question comparing Sources A and B
Unlock Full CoursePaper 2 Section A Question (c): Judging an Interpretation
How to answer the 16-mark Paper 2 Section A question judging an interpretation
Unlock Full CoursePaper 2 Section B Question Types (3 lessons)
Explore paper 2 section b question types in History.
Paper 2 Section B Question (a): Similar or Different?
How to answer the 6-mark Paper 2 Section B question comparing two periods
Unlock Full CoursePaper 2 Section B Question (b): Explain Two Causes
How to answer the 8-mark Paper 2 Section B question asking for two causes
Unlock Full CoursePaper 2 Section B Question (c): The 16-Mark Breadth Essay
How to answer the 16-mark change-over-time essay in Paper 2 Section B
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